满语/第11节课 - 语法摘要

维基教科书，自由的教学读本

目录 1 Phonetic features of Manchu 1.1 Vowels 1.2 Consonants 1.3 Notes 1.4 Syllable structure in Manchu 1.5 Vowel harmony 2 Nouns 2.1 Gender 2.2 Number 2.3 Case: 3 Pronouns 3.1 Personal pronouns 3.2 Demonstrative pronouns 3.3 Interrogative pronouns 4 Numerals 4.1 Manchu cardinal numerals 4.2 Manchu ordinal numerals 4.3 Manchu distributive numerals 4.4 Manchu multiplicative numerals 4.5 Manchu fractions 5 Adjectives 5.1 Original adjectives 5.2 Adjectives formed from other words 5.3 Forms of Manchu adjectives 6 Verbs 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Regular, irregular and non-changing verbs 6.3 Voice (态) in Manchu verbs 6.4 Tense (时) in Manchu verbs 6.5 Forms (式) of the Manchu verb 6.6 Converbs (副动词) 6.7 Auxiliary verbs (助动词) 6.8 Irregular verbs (table) 7 Adverbs 8 Postpositions 9 Linking Words

[编辑] Phonetic features of Manchu

The Manchu script consists of 24 Manchu letters to write 25 native Manchu sounds, and 10 letters to write sounds found in Chinese (these 10 letters are k', g', h', ts', dz', zh', sy' cy', jy' xy' and are dealt with in lesson 12). The 24 native Manchu letters include:

• 6 vowels: a,e,i,o,u,v
• 18 consonants: k,g,h,n,b,p,s,x,t,d,l,m,c,j,y,r,f,w

[编辑] Vowels

Manchu has the 6 short vowels mentioned above, two long vowels, and 8 dipthongs:

• Short vowels: a,e,i,o,u,v
• Long vowels: ii,oo
• Diphthongs: ai,ei,oi,ui,io,ao,eo,ioi

[编辑] Consonants

As for consonants, in addition to the 18 consonants mentioned above Manchu has one combined consonant ‘rs’ and two doubled consonants ‘tt’ and ‘xx’.

[编辑] Notes

• Of the 18 consonants, the two that are not pronounced like in English are ‘x’ which sounds like ‘sh’ and ‘c’ which sounds like ‘ch’.
• The phoneme ‘ng’ is also found in the Manchu language but is not a separate letter.
• The Manchu script contains front and back versions of ‘k’, ‘g’, ‘h’, ‘d’, and ‘t’.
• In Manchu transliterations and online the vowel 'v' is also often written as 'ū'
• In Manchu transliterations and online the consonant 'x' is also often written as 'sh' or 'š'
• No Manchu words start with ‘r’ or two or more consonants.
• As for endings, Manchu words end in either a vowel or ‘n’. Some loanwords do however end in ‘ng’ e.g. (wang – king). In this respect, it is close to being an open syllable language.
• There are sometimes clusters of consonants between vowels such as in ‘abka’ (heaven) and ‘ilha’ (flower) but these are the final and initial consonants of two separate syllables. In most words however, vowels are separated by single consonants.

[编辑] Syllable structure in Manchu

The Manchu language has the following syllable structures:

Manchu Syllable Structure	Example
V	‘a-’ in a-ma (father)
VV	‘ai’ what
VC	‘am-‘ in am-ban (official)
VCC	‘axx-‘ in axxasun (verb)
CV	‘du-’ in du-ka (gate)
CVV	‘moo’ (wood)
CVVC	‘duin’ (four)
CVC	‘den’ (high)
CVCC	‘faxx-‘ in faxx-an (effort)
CVVV	‘elioi’ (吕 - a Chinese surname)

Out of the above syllable structures, CVVV is extremely rare as it can only occur with the dipthong ‘ioi’ and both VCC and CVCC are also quite rare as they can only occur with one of the two doubled consonants ‘tt’ or ‘xx’ or with the combined consonants ‘rs’.

[编辑] Vowel harmony

The Manchu language is subject to the rules of vowel harmony. This means that only certain vowels can appear together in the same word. This means that the vowel in the first syllable of a word must be of the same type as the vowel in the second syllable. Note: vowel harmony in Manchu isn’t as strict as in Turkic or Mongolic languages. Manchu vowels fall into the following three categories:

• Front vowels (阴性) e
• Back vowels (阳性) a,o,v
• Neutral vowels (中性) u,i

In theory, front and back vowels can not exist in the same word. However, neutral vowels can exist with both front and back vowels. There are two forms of vowel harmony:

Vowel harmony within a stem

This form of vowel harmony involves the vowels within a particular stem (a word with no suffixes) harmonising. In general one word will generally only have the following combinations of vowels (the first vowel is the vowel in the first syllable):

• ‘a’ and one of ‘a’ ,‘v’, ‘i’
• ‘e’ and one of ‘e’, ‘u’, ‘i’
• ‘o’ and one of ‘a’, ‘v’, ‘i’
• ‘u’ and one of ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘u’, ‘i’
• ‘i’ and one of ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘u’, ‘i’

Note: the vowel ‘o’ vary rarely exists in a word with other vowels, and if it does it is nearly always with ‘a’,’v’,’i’ or occasionally ‘e’, but basically never with ‘u’.

The vowels ‘u’ and ‘i’ can go with all other vowels

Stem-suffix vowel harmony

Stem-suffix vowel harmony involves the vowels of a stem harmonising with the vowels of whatever suffix is attached to that stem. The rules are a bit different for stems with single, double or multiple syllables:

Single Syllable Stems

...................................................	...................................................
Stem	Suffix
a	a
o	o
e,i,u	e
...................................................	...................................................

Double Syllable Stems

...................................................	...................................................
Stem	Suffix
a-a, a-v, a-u, o-i, v-i, a-i, u-i, i-i	a
o-o, a-o	o
e-e, o-e, e-u, e-i, i-u, u-u	e
...................................................	...................................................

Multiple Syllable Stems

...................................................	...................................................
Stem	Suffix
o-e-i-u	a
e-i-u	e
...................................................	...................................................

Notes:

• Some suffixes such as ‘de’ ‘-bu’ etc are fixed and do not change.
• Some words use the vowels ‘a’ and ‘e’ to distinguish between masculine and feminine concepts, e.g. haha (man), hehe (woman).
• There are two forms of the letters ‘k’, ‘g’, and ‘h’, a back form for the vowels ‘a’,’o’,’v’, and a front form for the vowels ‘e’,’u’,’i’.
• There are also two forms of the letters ‘d’, and ‘t’, a back form for the letters ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘i’, and a front form for the letters ‘e’ and ‘u’.

[编辑] Nouns

Manchu nouns have number and case but do not really have gender. Nouns can be nouns that consist solely of a stem such as 'bithe' (book), nouns that are formed by adding suffixes to other words, or nouns that are formed by adding two nouns together such as 'ahvn deo' (brothers).

[编辑] Gender

Nouns usually do not have gender, although some obviously masculine nouns have masculine vowels, while feminine nouns have feminine vowels, e.g. haha (man), hehe (woman), ama (father) and eme (mother).

[编辑] Number

There are several ways to express the plural in Manchu:

Through the use of the suffix -sa (-se, -so, -si)

• E.g. Manjusa - Manchus

Through use of one of the suffixes -ta, -te, -ri.

• This is mostly used for family relationships (note final 'n' is often omitted).
• E.g. amata - fathers

Through the use of adjectives

• like geren (many), eiten (all), tumen (a myriad) or verbally with gemu (all)
• E.g. tumen jaka - the myriad things (万物)

[编辑] Case:

Manchu has 5 different cases. Cases can be attached to the proceeding noun or written seperately:

Nominative (no suffix).

• This is the natural case and has no suffix.
• E.g. bithe (book)

Genitive (-i, -ni after -ng).

• This case is used to show the possessive. The suffix -i (-ni) can also be used for instrumental case which shows the means or cause of which something happens.
• Possessive: E.g. Ere oci mini eme i bithe - this is my mother's book.
• Insturmental: E.g. Manju gisun i arambi - to write by means of Manchu

Dative/Locative (-de).

• This case is used to show location or direction (at/to).
• E.g. Direction: Harbin de genehe - he went to Harbin.
• E.g. Location: Harbin de Manjusa labdu - there are many Manchus in Harbin

Accusative (-be).

• This case is used to make a noun the direct object of an action.
• E.g. I ere bithe be mini eme de buha - he gave this book to my mother

Ablative (-ci).

• This case is used to show point of departure or for comparison.
• Point of departure: E.g. monggo gurun ci jihe niyalma - the people who came from Mongolia.
• Comparison: E.g. nikan gisun ci manju gisun ja - Manchu is easier than Chinese.

[编辑] Pronouns

[编辑] Personal pronouns

As with nouns, personal pronouns in Manchu also have different cases. The normal form of Manchu personal pronouns is expressed by using the nominative case. See following table for list of all personal pronouns in the 5 different cases:

.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
Personal Pronoun	Nominative	Genitive	Dative/Loctv	Accusative	Ablative
I	Bi	Mini	Minde	Mimbe	Minci
You	Si	Sini	Sinde	Simbe	Sinci
He/she/it	I	Ini	Inde	Imbe	Inci
We (incl.)	Muse	Musei	Musede	Musebe	Museci
We (exl.)	Be	Meni	Mende	Membe	Menci
You	Suwe	Suweni	Suwende	Suwembe	Suwenci
They	Ce	Ceni	Cende	Cembe	Cenci
.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

• As with Chinese, Manchu has two versions of the 1st plural personal pronoun: an exclusive version ‘be’, and an inclusive version ‘muse’.
• To express the idea of oneself, you would use the genitive form of the personal pronoun and follow it with the word ‘beye’ (body). E.g. mini beye (myself), sini beye (yourself).
• The possessive pronoun is formed by adding the suffix ‘-ngge’ after the genitive form of the personal pronoun. E.g. mini-ngge (mine). Ere bithe miningge (this book is mine).

[编辑] Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns in Manchu are:

.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
Case	This	These	That	Those
Nominative	Ere	Ese	Tere	Tese
Genitive	Erei (ereni)	Esei	Terei	Tesei
Dative/locative	Erede (ede)	Esede	Terede (tede)	Tesede
Accusative	Erebe	Esebe	Terebe	Tesebe
Ablative	Ereci	Eseci	Tereci	Teseci
.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

[编辑] Interrogative pronouns

The main interrogative pronouns in Manchu are (note the cases):

.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
Manchu	English	Manchu	English
We	Who	Aibide, yabede	At/to what place
Ai	What	Adarame	How
Ya	What, who	Aici	What type
Ainu	Why	Udu	How many
Aibi, yabe	What place/where	Aba	Where
.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

[编辑] Numerals

[编辑] Manchu cardinal numerals

The cardinal numbers in Manchu are:

......................................	......................................	......................................	......................................
Emu (emke)	1	Juwan jakvn	18
Juwe	2	Juwan uyun	19
Ilan	3	Orin	20
Duin	4	Orin emu	21
Sunja	5	Gvsin	30
Ninggun	6	Dehu	40
Nadan	7	Susai	50
Jakvn	8	Ninju	60
Uyun	9	Nadanju	70
Juwan	10	Jakvnju	80
Juwan emu	11	Uyunju	90
Juwan juwe	12	Tanggv	100
Juwan ilan	13	Juwe tanggv susai emu	251
Juwan duin	14	Minggan	1,000
Tofohon	15	Tumen	10,000
Juwan ninggun	16	Juwan tumen	100,000
Juwan nadan	17	Tanggv tumen	1,000,000
......................................	......................................	......................................	......................................

Note: the number for 15 is irregular

[编辑] Manchu ordinal numerals

Ordinal numbers in Manchu are formed by adding ‘-ci’ to the end of the cardinal form of the number. In the case of numbers that end in an ‘n’, the final n is dropped (except for in the case of juwan and tumen). E.g:

• Emuci (First)
• Juwe tanggv susai emuci (251st)
• Ningguci (Sixth)
• Minggaci (One thousandth)
• Juwanci (Tenth)
• Tumenci (Ten thousandth)
• Juwan duici (Fourteenth)

[编辑] Manchu distributive numerals

Distributive numerals can be formed by adding the suffix ‘-ta’, ‘-te’ or ‘-to’ depending on the rules of vowel harmony. E.g.:

• Ilata (one of three)
• Tofohoto (one of 15)
• Emte (one each).

[编辑] Manchu multiplicative numerals

As for multiplicative numerals, one can either use the word ‘ubu’ (times), or use one of the postpositions such as ‘mudan’ (time), ‘jergi’ (time). E.g.:

• Juwe ubu (twice)
• Juwe mudan (twice)
• Juwe jergi (twice)

[编辑] Manchu fractions

Fractional numerals can be formed by either using the genitive or ablative case, or by using the dative/locative case in combination with the word ‘ubu’ (times). E.g

• Sunja i emu (1/5)
• Sunja ci emu (1/5)
• Sunja ubu de emu ubu (1/5).

[编辑] Adjectives

Adjectives can be divided into:

• Original Adjectives(性质形容词)
• Adjectives formed from other words (派生形容词)

[编辑] Original adjectives

Original adjectives are adjectives that are not formed from other types of words. Original adjectives can be divided into:

Adjectives describing special features of a person or an object.

For example:

• Amba (big)
• Ajige (small)
• Golmin (long)

Adjectives describing the character (nature) of a person or object.

For example:

• Sain (good)
• Ice (new)
• Fe (old)

Adjectives describing the action or change of state of a person or object.

For example:

• Hanci (near)
• Labdu (many)
• Goro (far away)

[编辑] Adjectives formed from other words

These are adjectives that are formed by adding suffixes (subject to the rules of vowel harmony) to nouns, verbs, or original adjectives. Adjectives formed from other words can be divided into:

Adjectives formed from nouns

These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix ‘-ngge’, ‘-ngga’, or ‘-nggo’ to the end of a noun.

Adjectives formed from verbs

These can be divided into three types:

• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-cuka’, ‘-cuke’.
• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-shvn’, ‘-shun’ ‘-hvn’, ‘-hun’.
• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-su’, ‘-be’, ‘-ba’.

Adjectives formed from original adjectives

These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix ‘-linggv’, ‘-linggu’ to the end of original adjectives. Note: adjectives that end in an ‘n’ drop the ‘n’ when adding the suffix ‘-linggu’, or ‘-linggv’. The suffix ‘-linggu’ can be translated as ‘very’. E.g. if you add ‘-lingu’ to the adjective amba (big) you get ambalinggu (huge).

These suffixes are summarised in this table:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Original word is a:	Suffix	Example	Translation
Noun	-ngge, -ngga, -nggo	Orho (grass)	Orhonggo (Grassy)
Verb (1)	-cuke, -cuka	Gelembi (to fear)	Gelecuke (scary)
Verb (2)	-shvn, -shun, -hun, -hvn	Ekiyembi (to reduce)	Ekiyehun (insufficient)
Verb (3)	-su, -be, -ba	Kicembi (to be diligent)	Kicebe (diligently)
Original Adjctive	-linggv, -linggu	Amba (big)	Ambalinggu (huge)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

[编辑] Forms of Manchu adjectives

Manchu adjectives have three different forms (级):

The normal form (原级)

This is the normal form of the adjective and does not include any suffixes. E.g:

• Den alin (high mountain)
• Ice bithe (new book)

The comparative form (比较级)

This form only applies to original adjectives, and involves a comparison, i.e. bigger, smaller etc. To form the comparative form a suffix is added to the end of the adjective to change its meaning. The main suffixes are:

• -kan (-ken, -kon)
• -liyan (-liyen), -meliyan
• -shun, -shvn
• -si
• -linggv (-linggu) (see 5.2)

With these suffixes the final ‘n’ of the adjective stem is dropped when the suffix is added. E.g. ‘den’ (high) + -ken becomes ‘deken’ (higher, comparatively high). Examples of the use of these suffixes include:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Suffix	Meaning	Example
-kan, (-ken, -kon)	Rather	Ambakan (bigger)
-liyan (-liyen), -meliyan	A bit	Adaliliyan (a bit similar)
-linggv (-linggu)	Very	Ambalinggv (huge, very big)
-shvn (-shun)	Rather	Aibishvn (rather swollen)
-si	Rather	Ajigesi (rather small)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

The comparative can also be formed by placing the word ‘majige’ (a bit) before the adjective. E.g majige amba (a bit big)

The superlative form (最高级)

The superlative form of the Manchu verb is formed by placing an adverb before the adjective. For example:

• ‘jaci’ - jaci amba – the biggest
• ‘umesi’ – umesi sain – very good

[编辑] Verbs

[编辑] Introduction

Manchu verbs (except for three non-changing verbs) all consist of a stem and a final. The dictionary form of a Manchu verb is the present tense form, which includes the verb stem and the suffix ‘-mbi’. E.g.: Arambi (to write) consists of ara + -mbi. All changes for mood or tense in Manchu verbs are done by removing the suffix ‘-mbi’ and by adding another suffix to indicate the tense or mood of the verb (more on this later).

Manchu verbs can be divided into:

• Original verbs (固有动词) – These are verbs that are not derived from nouns, adjectives or other verbs and include verbs such as ‘arambi’ (to write) etc.
• Verbs derived from other words (派生动词) – These are verbs that are derived from either nouns, adjectives or other verbs (see voice of Manchu verbs).

Verbs derived from nouns and adjectives are usually formed by adding one of the following suffixes (see table for list of common suffixes) to the end of a noun or an adjective (note the final ‘n’ of the noun or adjective being turned into a verb is usually dropped):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Suffix	Noun or adjective	Verb formed by adding suffix
‘-ta’ (te, to)	Gosin (humanity)	Gositambi (to love humanity???)
‘-da’ (de, do)	Jali (crafy)	Jalidambi (to cheat)
‘-na’ (ne, no)	acan (a union)	Acanambi (to meet)
‘-la’ (le)	Aba (a hunt)	Abalambi (to hunt)
‘-ra’ (re, ro)	Gisun (word)	Gisurembi (to speak)
‘-xa’ (xe, xo)	Adali (similar)	Adalixambi (to be similar)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

[编辑] Regular, irregular and non-changing verbs

Verbs can also be divided into three categories depending on the change in the verb suffix:

Regular verbs – These are verbs that follow regular suffix change patterns.

Irregular verbs – These are verbs that don’t follow regular suffix change patterns (see irregular verb table 6.8 for full list).

Non-changing verbs – These are three verbs that only have one fixed form. These verbs consist of only a verb stem, although grammatically, they feature all the same properties as regular and irregular verbs. The three non-changing verbs are:

• ‘bi’ – To have (有).
• ‘akv’ – To not have (没有).
• ‘joo’ – To forget about it, not worry about it (算了)

[编辑] Voice (态) in Manchu verbs

Manchu verbs have seven different voices (态). The first voice is the subjective voice, which is the normal verb form. All other voices are formed by adding a suffix between the stem of the verb and the final ‘-mbi’. This forms a new verb. For example: taci-mbi (to study), taci-bu-mbi (to teach). Tacibumbi is the active form of the verb tacimbi and therefore has a completely different meaning. Note: suffixes for tense and mood can be added to the end of the new form of the verb as the suffixes for voice are part of the verb stem. E.g. tacibuha (I taught), tacibura (I will teach) etc.

The seven voices (note the two directional voices count as one voice) are:

1. 主动 Subjective

   This is the normal voice of the verb and does not take any suffix. E.g.

   • Tacimbi (to study)

2. 使动 Active (-bu-, -(m)bu-)

   This voice shows that you are doing the action to something or someone. You would usually use the case marker ‘be’ to show what you are doing the action to. E.g.

   • Bi simbe manju gisun Tacibuha (I taught you Manchu)

3. 被动 Passive (-bu-, -(m)bu-)

   This voice shows that the action is being done to you. You would usually use the case marker ‘de’ to indicate the direction of the action. E.g.

   • Bi tere de tantabuha (I was bashed up by him)

4. 方向去 Dir (to) (-na-, -ne-, -no-)

   This voice shows the direction of an action and is similar to English ‘to go’. E.g.

   • bithe hvlanambi (to go and read)

5. 方向来 Dir (fr) (-ji-, -(n)ji-)

   This voice shows the direction of an action and is similar to English ‘to come’.E.g.

   • Bithe hvlajimbi (to come and read)

6. 6) 齐动 Cooperative (-ca-, -ce-, -co-)

   This voice indicates that an action is being done by a group. It is similar to the English word ‘together’. E.g.

   • Tese tacikv de eficembi (they are playing together at school)

7. 7) 互动 Reciprocal (-nu-, -ndu-)

   This voice is used to indicate reciprocal action. It is similar to the English word ‘each other’. E.g.

   • Nadan gurun adandume nakarakv (the seven kingdoms fought each other without end)

8. 8) 连续 Continuous (-da-,-de-;-ta-,-te-;-xa-,-xe-,-xo-; -ca-,-ce-,-co-; -ja-,-je-, -jo-)

   This voice is used to indicate the continuous nature of an action and is like English ‘always’, or ‘often’

   • Bi simbe aisilatambi (I often/always help you)

[编辑] Tense (时) in Manchu verbs

Unlike say French, the conjugation of Manchu verbs is constant regardless of the person doing the action. I.e. the conjugation for you went and I went would both be 'genehe'. This means only one suffix has to be learnt for each of the tenses. It is convenient to split Manchu tenses into simple tenses (of which there are three) and complex tenses all of which are formed from the simple tenses with the addition of either converbs (such as -me or -fi) or auxiliary verbs (such as bi). See table:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Tense (时)	Suffix	Example	Translation
Simple Tenses
Present/Future	-mbi	arambi	I write / I shall write
Present/Future	-ra (-re, -ro)	arara	I shall write / I write
Past	-ha (-he, -ho, -ka, -ke, -ko)	Araha	I wrote
Past tenses
Indefinite Past	-habi (-hebi, -hobi)	arahabi	I have written
Pluperfect	-ha bihe, -ha bihebi	Araha bihe	I had written
Imperfect 1	-mbihe, -mbihebi	arambihe	I was writing
Imperfect 2	-me bihe, -me bihebi	Arame bihebi	I was writing
Present/continuous tenses
Present Continuous 1	-me bi, -me bimbi	Arame bi	I am writing
Present Continuous 2	-me ilihabi	Arame ilihabi	I am writing
Present Continuous 3	-mahabi	aramahabi	I am writing
Present Continuous 4	-me bisire + noun	obome bisire jui	The child who is washing
Present Continuous 5	-me bisire + postpostn	obome bisire de	While in the process of washing
Past Continuous 1	-ha bi	Araha bi	Still writing (仍然在写)
Past Continuous 2	-fi bi	arafi bi	Still writing (还在写)
Past Continuous 3	-hai bi (-hei bi, hoi bi)	arahai bi	I’ve been continuously writing 一直写
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

[编辑] Forms (式) of the Manchu verb

The Manchu verb has 6 basic forms:

1) Affirmative

This is the normal form of the verb. E.g.

• Bi te manju gisun be tacime ilihabi (I am currently studying Manchu)
• Boode mini ama bi (my father is at home)
• Bi abalara de indahvn gamambi (I take dogs when I go hunting)

2) Negative

This form is the negative form of the verb. Manchu unlike English forms the negative form of a verb by adding suffixes to the verb stem. The two negative forms of Manchu verbs are:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Present negative	-rakv	Ararakv	Don’t write
Past negative	-hakv (-hekv, -hokv)	Arahakv	Didn’t write
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the negative form are:

• Bi harbin de genehekv (I did not go to Harbin)
• Bi manju gisun be gisurerakv (I don't speak Manchu)

3) Interrogative

This is the question form of the verb. The interrogative form has both a positive and a negative form. The negative form is then further divided into a present and past negative interrogative form. The negative interrogative from is basically formed by adding -n to the end of the negative form of the verb (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Interrogative	-o	Ararao?	Are you writing?
Negative Interrogative (present)	-rakvn	Ararakvn?	Are you not writing?
Negative Interrogative (past)	-hakvn(-hekvn, -hokvn)	Arahakvn?	Did you not write?
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the interrogative form are:

• Si abalara de indahvn gamambio? (do you take dogs when you go hunting?)
• Si xiao wang be tuwarakvn? (do you not see Xiao Wang?)
• Si harbin de genehekvn? (haven't you been to Harbin?)

4) Imperative

The imperative form is the form of the verb that is used when you want to tell somebody to do (or not do) something. In Manchu there is a polite imperative form, a negative imperative form and a normal imperative form (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Imperative		Ara	Write!
Imperative (negative)	Ume ……. -ra (-re, -ro)	Ume arara	Don’t write
Imperative (pol 1)	-rao (-reo, -roo)	Ararao	Write please
Imperative (pol 1)	-ki	Buki	Please give
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the imperative form are:

• Tuwa (look!)
• Inde ume tuwara (don't look at him)
• Si gala be oburoo (wash your hands please)
• Minde tere bithe be buki (can you please give me that book)

5) Opatative

The optative form is where you want a third person to do something. There are three different optative forms in Manchu (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Opatative 1	-kini	Arakini	May he write
Opatative 2	-cina	Aracina	I hope you will write
Opatative 3	-kini sembi	Marakini sembi	I want you to return
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the optative form are:

• Si ere buda be jacina (I hope you will eat this food)
• Bi simbe harbin hoton de genekini sembi (I want you to go to harbin)

6) Desiderative

The desiderative form is where you want to do something. It corresponds to English I want to, or I will. Note the -ki form of the desiderative can also be used as a polite imperative. There are two different desiderative forms in Manchu (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Desiderative 1	-ki	Araki	I will write
Desiderative 2	-ki sembi	Taciki sembi	I want to study
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the desiderative form are:

• Bi sinde majige okto buki (I will give you some medicine)
• Bi amgaki sembi (I want to sleep)

[编辑] Converbs (副动词)

The main converbs in Manchu are:

1) Coordinative -me

This converb modifies the following verb and is similar to Uyghur '-up'. It also expresses simultaneous action. E.g.

• Ai baita be arame genehe? (what are you going to do)

2) Subordinative -fi

Refers to a sequence of actions where one action is completed before another one begins. It is like English 'then', and also a bit like 'because' E.g.

• Bi genefi tuwaki (I will go and (then) have a look)

3) Conditional -ci

This is the conditional converb and is similar to English 'if'. E.g.

• Bi tuwaci (if I look)

4) Durative -hai (-hei, -hoi)

This converb is used to express that an action occurs or continues at the same time as another action is performed. E.g.

• Necimbihei yabumbi (to continuously invade)

5) Terminative -tala (-tele, -tolo)

This converb is used to show that an action occurs up to a certain time.

• Aratala (until he writes)

6) Instrumental -tai (-tei, -toi)

This converb is used to show that an action is being forced

• Bucetei daharakv (I will not submit even if I die)

7) Preparative -nggala (-nggele, -nggolo)

This converb is like English ‘before’

• Utala inenggi onggolo (several days ago)

8) Concessive -cibe

This converb is like Enlgish ‘although’

• Tuttu bicibe (although it is like that)

9) Alternative -ralame (-relame, -rolame)

This converb is used to show that two actions are being performed at the same time

• Bi yaburalame tuwambi (looking as I’m going along)

10) Simultaneous -mbime

This converb is used to show that one action is occurring (or not) while another action takes place

• Si baita be sambi sembime, ainu takarakv (while you say you know about the matter, how come you don’t?)

[编辑] Auxiliary verbs (助动词)

Three important auxiliary verbs in Manchu are:

• Sembi – Sembi means ‘to say’
• Ombi – ‘Ombi’ can be translated as ‘to become’, ‘to be’, ‘to act as’,
• Bimbi – ‘bimbi’ can be translated as ‘to be or ‘is’.

[编辑] Irregular verbs (table)

This table is a list of all the irregular Manchu verbs and their irregular forms. Note a blank space indicates that this form of the verb is regular. Note verbs where the suffix ‘-fi’ becomes ‘-pi’ or ‘-mpi’ are not included.

...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................
Dictionary form	Meaning	Past tense	Future Tense	Imperative
gerembi	Dawn	gereke	gerendere
guwembi	To avoid	guwengke	guwendere
colgorombi	To be complete	colgoroko
ombi	To become, can		ojoro	oso
gvmbi	To bite furiously		gvndere
gvwaliyambi	To change	gvwaliyaka
jimbi	To come		jidere	jio
wasimbi	To desced, be defeated	wasika (wasiha)		wasinu
jembi	To eat	jeke (jengke)	jetere (jendere)	jefu
tucimbi	To exit, to set out, to come out	tucike (tucihe)		tucinu
sumbi	To explain, to get rid of	suhe (sungke)
jailambi	To flee, hide		jailara (jailandara)
ukambi	To flee, hide	ukaha (ukaka)
bahambi	To get	baha
xahvrambi	To get a cold	xahvraka
yombi	To go		yoro (yondoro)
bimbi	To have / at		bisire	bisu
xumbi	To know copletely	xungke
baimbi	To look for			baisu
wembi	To melt into	wengke	were (wendere)
juwambi	To open, open one's mounth	jawangka (juwaka)
hafumbi	To pass through	hafuka	hafundara
jombi	To raise	jongko	jondoro
wesimbi	To raise	wesike		wesina
teyembi	To rest		teyere (teyendere)
eldembi	To shine on	eldeke
xambi	To stare	xaha (xangka)
gajimbi	To take back			gaju
gombi	To take back		gondoro
gaimbi	To take, to want			gaisu
cambi	支起、插	caha (cangka)
sosombi	泻、拉肚子	sosoko
jalumbi	满盈	jaluka
yumbi	贪溺、沉醉、容得下、浸润、诱哄	yungke	yudere (yundere)
bambi	倦，发懒	bangka	bandara
fumbi	To wipe	fungke
...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................

[编辑] Adverbs

Adverbs are words that modify other words except for nouns. Adverbs usually express the time, place or degree of an action and typically answer questions such as how?, when? why? or where? Manchu adverbs can be primitive adverbs which are indeclinable words such as ‘inu’ (yes) or they can be formed by adding suffixes (usually case markers) to the end of nouns, or pronouns. Most numerals can also be used as adverbs.

Some common Manchu adverbs include:

...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................
Manchu	English	Manchu	English
Absi	Where	Gaitai	Suddenly
Adarame	How	Gemu	All
Aifini	Already	Gubci	All
Ainu	Why	Heni	a bit
Ambula	Big, many	Ishunde	Each other
Ani	Normally	Jaci	Extremely
Asuru	Very	Jing	In the process of (正)
Atanggi	What time	Juken	At least
Beri beri	Each one	Kemuni	Still
Biretei	All	Majige	A bit
Cohotoi	Especially	Meni meni	Each one
Da ani	As before	Mujakv	Extremely
Daci	From the beginning	Naranggi	Finally
Dade	In the beginning	Ne / te	Now
Dembei	Very	Nokai	The most
Dule	Originally	Siraduhai	Afterwards
Ele	More	Teni	Just thn
Elei	More	Tuktan	First tim, start
Elekei	Almost	Umesi	Very
Emgeri	Already	Ume	Don't, can't
Enteheme	Forever	Unde	Still haven't
Esa	Very	Urui	Certainly
Yooni	All	Urunakv	Certainly
...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................

Some locational adverbs (with their noun form) include:

...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................
Meaning	Noun	Locative (where)	Directional (where to)
	-la/-le/-lo	-rgi	-si
East	Dele	Dergi	(wesihun)
West	Wala	Wargi	(wasihvn)
South	(Juleri)	Julergi	Julesi
North	Amala	Amargi	Amasi
Middle	Dulin	Dulimbade
In front	(Juleri)	Julergi	Julesi
Behind	Amala	Amargi	Amasi
Left	Hashv	Hashv ergi
Right	Ici	Ici ergi
Above	Dele,ninggu	Dergi ,ninggude	wesihun
Below	Fejile ,wala	Fejergi,wargi	wasihvn
Inside	Dolo	Dorgi	Dosi
Outside	Tule (tuleri)	Tulergi	Tulesi
On top	Oilo	Oilorgi
Here	Ebele	Ebergi	Ebsi
There	Cala	Cargi	Casi
...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................

[编辑] Postpositions

Some of the more commonly used Manchu postpositons are:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Adali	The same as	Jakade	Because of, when
Baru	To	Jalin	Because
Canggi	Only	Manggi	After
Dahame	Because of this	Nerginde	When
Ebsi	Since	Ninggude	On top of
Emde	Together with	Onggolo	Before
Emgi	Together with	Saka	And then
Erigde	At … direction	Sidende	When
Fonde	When	Songkoi	In accordance with
Haran	Because of	Tetendere	Since…
Ici	To	Tulgiyen	Apart from this..
Ishvn	To	Turgunde	Because of
Jaka	Just then
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

[编辑] Linking Words

Some of the more commonly used Manchu linking words are:

..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................
Jai…	…and…	Bime…	… and at the same time …
Emu derei ......emu derei......	…on the one hand…. And on the other…	Ememu ....... ememu ......	… on the one hand …. And on the other…
Ememungge ...... ememungge .....	… on the one hand …. And on the other…	Eici ........ eici ...........	Either…..or……
Embici........... embici..........	Either…..or……	........teile akv......... Inu/geli	Not only….. But also….
.........dade, geli	Not only….. But also…	.............sere anggala.............Inu/geli	Not only….. But also…
Tuttu ofi, uttu ofi, tuttu	Therefore…	….jakade	Because
…turgunde	Because	…ofi	Because (after becoming)
…ohode	Because of (when it became)	Teni…	Then …
…seme	Because of...	Aika .......... oci	If…then…
Aikabade ......... oci	If…then…	Unenggi .............oci	If…then…
..................oci	If…then	.............. ohode , teni .................	If…then… (more for only if A then B)
Udu.............. seme	Although…	Udu ............ bicibe , inu ................	Although… also…
Udu ............ (verb-)cibe	Although…	Udu ............ ocibe , inu..................	Although… also…
Udu .................secibe , inu ..............	Although… also…	Uthai ............. ocibe	Even though…
Uthai ................. seme	Even though…	Uthai ................ okini	Even though…
Damu	But... only…	Tuttu oci…	In that case…
Uttu oci…	In this case…	Tuttu bime…	Yet/however…
Uttu bime…	Yet/however…	Yuttu seme…	Yet/however…
Tuttu secibe…	Yet/however…	Neneme…	On the contrary
..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................

Information on Linking words was taken from the Manchu Sky website (满洲天空网站). More specifically from a post by Baksi titled: 满洲族语的连词 (see link below)

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