满语/第5节课 - 形容词
目录 |
对话 [编辑]
| 对话 1 | 对话 1 |
| Beging de niyengniyeri isinaha. emu inenggi ci emu inenggi halukan oho | 在北京春天已经到了. 一天比一天热 |
| birai juhe emgeri weme deribuha | 河里的冰已经开始溶化了 |
| Beging ni niyengniyeri forgon de edun amba, damu aga muke komso | 北京的春天风很大，但雨水少 |
| bi niyengniyeri forgon be cihalambi | 我喜欢春天 |
| birai nimaha labdu bime amba | 河里的鱼又大又多 |
| ilha yafan de hacin hacin i ilha gemu ilaka | 花园里各种各样的花都开了 |
| .............................................................................................................................................. | .............................................................................................................................................. |
生词 [编辑]
| ............................................................ | ............................................................ | ............................................................ | ............................................................ |
| 满文 | 汉文 | 满文 | 汉文 |
| aga | 雨 | bime | 和 |
| bira | 河 | cihalambi | 喜欢、嗜好、愿意 |
| deribumbi | 开始 | edun | 风 |
| emgeri | 已经 | forgon | 季节、时节、时期、时代 |
| gemu | 都、全 | hacin | 件、项、种、项目 |
| hacin hacin | 各种各样 | halukan | 温热 |
| ilambi | 开花 | ilha | 花 |
| ilha yafan | 花园 | isinaha | 到了（过去时） |
| juhe | 冰 | muke | 水 |
| nimaha | 鱼 | niyengniyeri | 春天 |
| wembi | 融化 | weme deribuha | 开始融化 |
| yafan | 园、庭园 |
语法 [编辑]
形容词 [编辑]
Adjectives can be divided into:
- Original Adjectives(性质形容词)
- Adjectives formed from other words (派生形容词)
Original adjectives [编辑]
Original adjectives are adjectives that are not formed from other types of words. Original adjectives can be divided into:
Adjectives describing special features of a person or an object.
For example:
- amba (big)
- ajige (small)
- golmin (long)
Adjectives describing the character (nature) of a person or object.
For example:
- sain (good)
- ice (new)
- fe (old)
Adjectives describing the action or change of state of a person or object.
For example:
- hanci (near)
- labdu (many)
- goro (far away)
Adjectives formed from other words [编辑]
These are adjectives that are formed by adding suffixes (subject to the rules of vowel harmony) to nouns, verbs, or original adjectives. Adjectives formed from other words can be divided into:
Adjectives formed from nouns
These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix ‘-ngge’, ‘-ngga’, or ‘-nggo’ to the end of a noun.
Adjectives formed from verbs
These can be divided into three types:
- Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-cuka’, ‘-cuke’.
- Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-shūn’, ‘-shun’ ‘-hūn’, ‘-hun’.
- Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-su’, ‘-be’, ‘-ba’.
Adjectives formed from original adjectives
These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix ‘-linggū’, ‘-linggu’ to the end of original adjectives. Note: adjectives that end in an ‘n’ drop the ‘n’ when adding the suffix ‘-linggu’, or ‘-linggū’. The suffix ‘-linggu’ can be translated as ‘very’. E.g. if you add ‘-lingu’ to the adjective amba (big) you get ambalinggu (huge).
These suffixes are summarised in this table:
| ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... |
| Original word is a: | Suffix | Example | Translation |
| Noun | -ngge, -ngga, -nggo | orho (grass) | orhonggo (Grassy) |
| Verb (1) | -cuke, -cuka | gelembi (to fear) | gelecuke (scary) |
| Verb (2) | -shūn, -shun, -hun, -hūn | ekiyembi (to reduce) | ekiyehun (insufficient) |
| Verb (3) | -su, -be, -ba | kicembi (to be diligent) | kicebe (diligently) |
| Original Adjctive | -linggū, -linggu | amba (big) | ambalinggu (huge) |
| ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... |
Forms of Manchu adjectives [编辑]
Manchu adjectives have three different forms (级):
The normal form (原级)
This is the normal form of the adjective and does not include any suffixes. E.g:
- den alin (high mountain)
- ice bithe (new book)
The comparative form (比较级)
This form only applies to original adjectives, and involves a comparison, i.e. bigger, smaller etc. To form the comparative form a suffix is added to the end of the adjective to change its meaning. The main suffixes are:
- -kan (-ken, -kon)
- -liyan (-liyen), -meliyan
- -shun, -shūn
- -si
- -linggū (-linggu) (see 5.2)
With these suffixes the final ‘n’ of the adjective stem is dropped when the suffix is added. E.g. ‘den’ (high) + -ken becomes ‘deken’ (higher, comparatively high). Examples of the use of these suffixes include:
| ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... |
| Suffix | Meaning | Example |
| -kan, (-ken, -kon) | Rather | ambakan (bigger) |
| -liyan (-liyen), -meliyan | A bit | adaliliyan (a bit similar) |
| -linggū (-linggu) | Very | ambalinggū (huge, very big) |
| -shūn (-shun) | Rather | aibishūn (rather swollen) |
| -si | Rather | ajigesi (rather small) |
| ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... |
The comparative can also be formed by placing the word ‘majige’ (a bit) before the adjective. E.g majige amba (a bit big)
The superlative form (最高级)
The superlative form of the Manchu verb is formed by placing an adverb before the adjective. For example:
- ‘jaci’ - jaci amba – the biggest
- ‘umesi’ – umesi sain – very good
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