滿語/第5節課 - 形容詞

對話

對話 1	對話 1
Beging de niyengniyeri isinaha. emu inenggi ci emu inenggi halukan oho	在北京春天已經到了. 一天比一天熱
birai juhe emgeri weme deribuha	河裡的冰已經開始溶化了
Beging ni niyengniyeri forgon de edun amba, damu aga muke komso	北京的春天風很大，但雨水少
bi niyengniyeri forgon be cihalambi	我喜歡春天
birai nimaha labdu bime amba	河裡的魚又大又多
ilha yafan de hacin hacin i ilha gemu ilaka	花園裡各種各樣的花都開了
..............................................................................................................................................	..............................................................................................................................................

生詞

............................................................	............................................................	............................................................	............................................................
滿文	漢文	滿文	漢文
aga	雨	bime	和
bira	河	cihalambi	喜歡、嗜好、願意
deribumbi	開始	edun	風
emgeri	已經	forgon	季節、時節、時期、時代
gemu	都、全	hacin	件、項、種、項目
hacin hacin	各種各樣	halukan	溫熱
ilambi	開花	ilha	花
ilha yafan	花園	isinaha	到了（過去時）
juhe	冰	muke	水
nimaha	魚	niyengniyeri	春天
wembi	融化	weme deribuha	開始融化
yafan	園、庭園

語法

形容詞

Adjectives can be divided into:

• Original Adjectives(性質形容詞)
• Adjectives formed from other words (派生形容詞)

Original adjectives

Original adjectives are adjectives that are not formed from other types of words. Original adjectives can be divided into:

Adjectives describing special features of a person or an object.

For example:

• amba (big)
• ajige (small)
• golmin (long)

Adjectives describing the character (nature) of a person or object.

For example:

• sain (good)
• ice (new)
• fe (old)

Adjectives describing the action or change of state of a person or object.

For example:

• hanci (near)
• labdu (many)
• goro (far away)

Adjectives formed from other words

These are adjectives that are formed by adding suffixes (subject to the rules of vowel harmony) to nouns, verbs, or original adjectives. Adjectives formed from other words can be divided into:

Adjectives formed from nouns

These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix 『-ngge』, 『-ngga』, or 『-nggo』 to the end of a noun.

Adjectives formed from verbs

These can be divided into three types:

• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix 『-cuka』, 『-cuke』.
• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix 『-shūn』, 『-shun』 『-hūn』, 『-hun』.
• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix 『-su』, 『-be』, 『-ba』.

Adjectives formed from original adjectives

These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix 『-linggū』, 『-linggu』 to the end of original adjectives. Note: adjectives that end in an 『n』 drop the 『n』 when adding the suffix 『-linggu』, or 『-linggū』. The suffix 『-linggu』 can be translated as 『very』. E.g. if you add 『-lingu』 to the adjective amba (big) you get ambalinggu (huge).

These suffixes are summarised in this table:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Original word is a:	Suffix	Example	Translation
Noun	-ngge, -ngga, -nggo	orho (grass)	orhonggo (Grassy)
Verb (1)	-cuke, -cuka	gelembi (to fear)	gelecuke (scary)
Verb (2)	-shūn, -shun, -hun, -hūn	ekiyembi (to reduce)	ekiyehun (insufficient)
Verb (3)	-su, -be, -ba	kicembi (to be diligent)	kicebe (diligently)
Original Adjctive	-linggū, -linggu	amba (big)	ambalinggu (huge)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Forms of Manchu adjectives

Manchu adjectives have three different forms (級):

The normal form (原級)

This is the normal form of the adjective and does not include any suffixes. E.g:

• den alin (high mountain)
• ice bithe (new book)

The comparative form (比較級)

This form only applies to original adjectives, and involves a comparison, i.e. bigger, smaller etc. To form the comparative form a suffix is added to the end of the adjective to change its meaning. The main suffixes are:

• -kan (-ken, -kon)
• -liyan (-liyen), -meliyan
• -shun, -shūn
• -si
• -linggū (-linggu) (see 5.2)

With these suffixes the final 『n』 of the adjective stem is dropped when the suffix is added. E.g. 『den』 (high) + -ken becomes 『deken』 (higher, comparatively high). Examples of the use of these suffixes include:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Suffix	Meaning	Example
-kan, (-ken, -kon)	Rather	ambakan (bigger)
-liyan (-liyen), -meliyan	A bit	adaliliyan (a bit similar)
-linggū (-linggu)	Very	ambalinggū (huge, very big)
-shūn (-shun)	Rather	aibishūn (rather swollen)
-si	Rather	ajigesi (rather small)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

The comparative can also be formed by placing the word 『majige』 (a bit) before the adjective. E.g majige amba (a bit big)

The superlative form (最高級)

The superlative form of the Manchu verb is formed by placing an adverb before the adjective. For example:

• 『jaci』 - jaci amba – the biggest
• 『umesi』 – umesi sain – very good

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