拉丁語/第二課 - 形容詞
形容詞[编辑]
形容詞概觀[编辑]
形容詞是修飾句子裡的名詞（像是主詞或者受詞）的詞彙。當然有時候我們會用一個句子形容名詞（形容詞片語或者形容詞子句），不過這邊只討論單字的情況。
像是：
The red dog attacked the crazy fox. 裡面的red 和 crazy
形容詞 can also be used in a sentence opposite a form of "to be." (這稱為「述語形容詞」或者「表語形容詞」)
The boy is good.
這件事情在拉丁語裡面也成立。
拉丁與的形容詞[编辑]
Like nouns, adjectives in Latin are declined. The vast majority take either the first and second declension (antiquus -a -um) or the third declension (ferox, ferocis). All such adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in gender, number, and case.
Most third declension adjectives do not have separate masculine and feminine forms. (Neuter adjectives follow the third declension neuter pattern.)
First and second declension adjectives have three distinct genders. Feminine adjectives require the first declension, masculine the second (masculine pattern), and neuter the second (neuter pattern).
These words will look like the adjective antiquus (old, ancient):
- antiquus (masculine), antiqua (feminine), antiquum (neuter).
Third declension adjectives typically look more like ferox, ferocis (wild, bold).
Adjectives often come after the word they describe. Since word order is not central to the meaning of a Latin sentence the adjective may appear anywhere within the sentence. In poetry, for example, several words often separate an adjective from the noun it modifies.
For example:
| Explanation- The good boy loves the wild dog. | |||||
| Latin: | puer | bonus | amat(1) | canem(2) (acc) | ferocem(3) (acc). |
| English: | [The] boy | good | [he] loves | [the] dog | wild. |
- (1) amāre, [to] love. amat, [he] loves.
- (2) canis, dog (masc.)
- (3) ferox, ferocis, wild. ferocem (acc.)
Bonus, a first and second declension adjective, is masculine, nominative, and singular to agree with puer, the word it is describing.
Ferocem, a third declension adjective, is masculine, accusative, and singular to agree with canem. Canem is accusative because it is the object of amat.
Here is an example of plural adjectives:
| Explanation- The good boys love the wild dogs. | |||||
| Latin: | Puerī (plur) | bonī (plur) | amant (plur) | canes (plur, acc) | feroces (plur, acc). |
| English: | [The] boys | good | [they] love | [the] dogs | wild. |
The words bonus and ferocem become boni and feroces to agree with the plurals pueri and canes.
However, if a girl (puella) happened to love that boy:
| Explanation- The good girl loves the good boy. | |||||
| Latin: | Puella | bona | amat | puerum (acc) | bonum (acc). |
| English: | [The] girl | good | [she] loves | [the] boy | good. |
Bonus must become bona in order to modify puella, which is feminine.
Finally, if the girl isn't good, but rather wild:
| Explanation- The wild girl loves the good boy. | |||||
| Latin: | Puella | ferox | amat | puerum (acc) | bonum (acc). |
| English: | [The] girl | wild | [she] loves | [the] boy | good. |
Even though puella is first declension, ferox remains third declension. In the same way, a good lion would be bonus leo.
Adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case, but not necessarily in declension.
練習[编辑]
- est bonus. • sum ferox. • estis boni. • sunt bonae.
- He is good. • I am wild. • You (pl.) are good. • They are good.