生物信息学/使用fastp进行数据质量控制
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fastp的特性
[编辑]- 对数据自动进行全方位质控，生成人性化的报告
- 过滤功能（低质量，太短，太多N……）;
- 对每一个序列的头部或尾部，计算滑动窗内的质量均值，并将均值较低的子序列进行切除（类似Trimmomatic的做法，但是快非常多）;
- 全局剪裁 （在头/尾部，不影响去重），对于Illumina下机数据往往最后一到两个cycle需要这样处理;
- 去除接头污染。厉害的是，你不用输入接头序列，因为算法会自动识别接头序列并进行剪裁;
- 对于双端测序（PE）的数据，软件会自动查找每一对read的重叠区域，并对该重叠区域中不匹配的碱基对进行校正;
- 去除尾部的polyG。对于Illumina NextSeq/NovaSeq的测序数据，因为是两色法发光，polyG是常有的事，所以该特性对该两类测序平台默认打开;
- 对于PE数据中的overlap区间中不一致的碱基对，依据质量值进行校正;
- 可以对带分子标签（UMI）的数据进行预处理，不管UMI在插入片段还是在index上，都可以轻松处理; -可以将输出进行分拆，而且支持两种模式，分别是指定分拆的个数，或者分拆后每个文件的行数;
fastp完美支持gzip的输入和输出，同时支持SE和PE数据，而且不但支持像Illumina平台的short read数据，也在一定程度上支持了PacBio/Nanopore的long reads数据。
fastp软件会生成HTML格式的报告，而且该报告中没有任何一张静态图片，所有的图表都是使用JavaScript动态绘制，非常具有交互性。想要看一下样板报告的，可以去以下链接：http://opengene.org/fastp/fastp.html
而且软件的开发者还充分考虑到了各种自动化分析的需求，不但生成了人可读的HTML报告，还生成了程序可读性非常强的JSON结果，该JSON报告中的数据包含了HTML报告100%的信息，而且该JSON文件的格式还是特殊定制的，不但程序读得爽，你用任何一款文本编辑器打开，一眼过去也会看得明明白白。想要看一下JSON结果长什么样的，可以去以下链接：http://opengene.org/fastp/fastp.json
fastp的安装
[编辑]Bioconda源安装
[编辑]# 不一定最新
conda install -c bioconda fastp
安装二进制命令
[编辑]wget http://opengene.org/fastp/fastp
chmod a+x ./fastp
从源码安装（Mac和Linux）
[编辑]git clone https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp.git
# build
cd fastp
make
#安装
sudo make install
从源码安装（Windows）
[编辑]git clone -b master --depth=1 https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp.git
cd fastp
make
fastp的参数和选项
[编辑]usage: fastp -i <in1> -o <out1> [-I <in1> -O <out2>] [options...]
options:
# I/O options 即输入输出文件设置
-i, --in1 read1 input file name (string)
-o, --out1 read1 output file name (string [=])
-I, --in2 read2 input file name (string [=])
-O, --out2 read2 output file name (string [=])
-6, --phred64 indicates the input is using phred64 scoring (it'll be converted to phred33, so the output will still be phred33)
-z, --compression compression level for gzip output (1 ~ 9). 1 is fastest, 9 is smallest, default is 2. (int [=2])
--reads_to_process specify how many reads/pairs to be processed. Default 0 means process all reads. (int [=0])
# adapter trimming options 过滤序列接头参数设置
-A, --disable_adapter_trimming adapter trimming is enabled by default. If this option is specified, adapter trimming is disabled
-a, --adapter_sequence the adapter for read1. For SE data, if not specified, the adapter will be auto-detected. For PE data, this is used if R1/R2 are found not overlapped. (string [=auto])
--adapter_sequence_r2 the adapter for read2 (PE data only). This is used if R1/R2 are found not overlapped. If not specified, it will be the same as <adapter_sequence> (string [=])
# global trimming options 剪除序列起始和末端的低质量碱基数量参数
-f, --trim_front1 trimming how many bases in front for read1, default is 0 (int [=0])
-t, --trim_tail1 trimming how many bases in tail for read1, default is 0 (int [=0])
-F, --trim_front2 trimming how many bases in front for read2. If it's not specified, it will follow read1's settings (int [=0])
-T, --trim_tail2 trimming how many bases in tail for read2. If it's not specified, it will follow read1's settings (int [=0])
# polyG tail trimming, useful for NextSeq/NovaSeq data polyG剪裁
-g, --trim_poly_g force polyG tail trimming, by default trimming is automatically enabled for Illumina NextSeq/NovaSeq data
--poly_g_min_len the minimum length to detect polyG in the read tail. 10 by default. (int [=10])
-G, --disable_trim_poly_g disable polyG tail trimming, by default trimming is automatically enabled for Illumina NextSeq/NovaSeq data
# polyX tail trimming
-x, --trim_poly_x enable polyX trimming in 3' ends.
--poly_x_min_len the minimum length to detect polyX in the read tail. 10 by default. (int [=10])
# per read cutting by quality options 划窗裁剪
-5, --cut_by_quality5 enable per read cutting by quality in front (5'), default is disabled (WARNING: this will interfere deduplication for both PE/SE data)
-3, --cut_by_quality3 enable per read cutting by quality in tail (3'), default is disabled (WARNING: this will interfere deduplication for SE data)
-W, --cut_window_size the size of the sliding window for sliding window trimming, default is 4 (int [=4])
-M, --cut_mean_quality the bases in the sliding window with mean quality below cutting_quality will be cut, default is Q20 (int [=20])
# quality filtering options 根据碱基质量来过滤序列
-Q, --disable_quality_filtering quality filtering is enabled by default. If this option is specified, quality filtering is disabled
-q, --qualified_quality_phred the quality value that a base is qualified. Default 15 means phred quality >=Q15 is qualified. (int [=15])
-u, --unqualified_percent_limit how many percents of bases are allowed to be unqualified (0~100). Default 40 means 40% (int [=40])
-n, --n_base_limit if one read's number of N base is >n_base_limit, then this read/pair is discarded. Default is 5 (int [=5])
# length filtering options 根据序列长度来过滤序列
-L, --disable_length_filtering length filtering is enabled by default. If this option is specified, length filtering is disabled
-l, --length_required reads shorter than length_required will be discarded, default is 15. (int [=15])
# low complexity filtering
-y, --low_complexity_filter enable low complexity filter. The complexity is defined as the percentage of base that is different from its next base (base[i] != base[i+1]).
-Y, --complexity_threshold the threshold for low complexity filter (0~100). Default is 30, which means 30% complexity is required. (int [=30])
# filter reads with unwanted indexes (to remove possible contamination)
--filter_by_index1 specify a file contains a list of barcodes of index1 to be filtered out, one barcode per line (string [=])
--filter_by_index2 specify a file contains a list of barcodes of index2 to be filtered out, one barcode per line (string [=])
--filter_by_index_threshold the allowed difference of index barcode for index filtering, default 0 means completely identical. (int [=0])
# base correction by overlap analysis options 通过overlap来校正碱基
-c, --correction enable base correction in overlapped regions (only for PE data), default is disabled
# UMI processing
-U, --umi enable unique molecular identifer (UMI) preprocessing
--umi_loc specify the location of UMI, can be (index1/index2/read1/read2/per_index/per_read, default is none (string [=])
--umi_len if the UMI is in read1/read2, its length should be provided (int [=0])
--umi_prefix if specified, an underline will be used to connect prefix and UMI (i.e. prefix=UMI, UMI=AATTCG, final=UMI_AATTCG). No prefix by default (string [=])
--umi_skip if the UMI is in read1/read2, fastp can skip several bases following UMI, default is 0 (int [=0])
# overrepresented sequence analysis
-p, --overrepresentation_analysis enable overrepresented sequence analysis.
-P, --overrepresentation_sampling One in (--overrepresentation_sampling) reads will be computed for overrepresentation analysis (1~10000), smaller is slower, default is 20. (int [=20])
# reporting options
-j, --json the json format report file name (string [=fastp.json])
-h, --html the html format report file name (string [=fastp.html])
-R, --report_title should be quoted with ' or ", default is "fastp report" (string [=fastp report])
# threading options 设置线程数
-w, --thread worker thread number, default is 3 (int [=3])
# output splitting options
-s, --split split output by limiting total split file number with this option (2~999), a sequential number prefix will be added to output name ( 0001.out.fq, 0002.out.fq...), disabled by default (int [=0])
-S, --split_by_lines split output by limiting lines of each file with this option(>=1000), a sequential number prefix will be added to output name ( 0001.out.fq, 0002.out.fq...), disabled by default (long [=0])
-d, --split_prefix_digits the digits for the sequential number padding (1~10), default is 4, so the filename will be padded as 0001.xxx, 0 to disable padding (int [=4])
# help
-?, --help print this message
虽然参数看起来比较多，但常用的主要包括以下几个部分：
- 输入输出文件设置
- 接头处理
- 全局裁剪（即直接剪掉起始和末端低质量碱基）
- 滑窗质量剪裁 （与trimmomatic相似）
- 过滤过短序列
- 校正碱基（用于双端测序）
- 质量过滤
1、接头处理
[编辑]fastp默认启用了接头处理，但是可以使用-A命令来关掉。fastp可以自动化地查找接头序列并进行剪裁，也就是说你可以不输入任何的接头序列，fastp全自动搞定了！对于SE数据，你还是可以-a参数来输入你的接头，而对于PE数据则完全没有必要，fastp基于PE数据的overlap分析可以更准确地查找接头，去得更干净，而且对于一些接头本身就有碱基不匹配情况处理得更好。fastp对于接头去除会有一个汇总的报告。
2、全局裁剪
[编辑]fastp可以对所有read在头部和尾部进行统一剪裁，该功能在去除一些测序质量不好的cycle比较有用，比如151*2的PE测序中，最后一个cycle通常质量是非常低的，需要剪裁掉。使用-f和-t分别指定read1的头部和尾部的剪裁，使用-F和-T分别指定read2的头部和尾部的剪裁。
3、滑窗质量剪裁
[编辑]很多时候，一个read的低质量序列都是集中在read的末端，也有少部分是在read的开头。fastp支持像Trimmomatic那样对滑动窗口中的碱基计算平均质量值，然后将不符合的滑窗直接剪裁掉。使用-5参数开启在5’端，也就是read的开头的剪裁，使用-3参数开启在3’端，也就是read的末尾的剪裁。使用-W参数指定滑动窗大小，默认是4，使用-M参数指定要求的平均质量值，默认是20，也就是Q20。
4、过滤过短序列
[编辑]默认开启多序列过滤，默认值为15，使用-L（--disable_length_filtering）禁止此默认选项。或使用-l（--length_required）自定义最短序列。
5、校正碱基（用于双端测序）
[编辑]fastp支持对PE数据的每一对read进行分析，查找它们的overlap区间，然后对于overlap区间中不一致的碱基，如果发现其中一个质量非常高，而另一个非常低，则可以将非常低质量的碱基改为相应的非常高质量值的碱基值。此选项默认关闭，可使用-c（--correction）开启。
6、质量过滤
[编辑]fastp可以对低质量序列，较多N的序列，该功能默认是启用的，但可以使用-Q参数关闭。使用-q参数来指定合格的phred质量值，比如-q 15表示质量值大于等于Q15的即为合格，然后使用-u参数来指定最多可以有多少百分比的质量不合格碱基。比如-q 15 -u 40表示一个read最多只能有40%的碱基的质量值低于Q15，否则会被扔掉。使用-n可以限定一个read中最多能有多少个N。
fastp的使用示例
[编辑]#!/bin/bash
for i in 74 75 76 82 83 84 85 86 87 88; do
{
fastp -i ~/RNAseq/cleandata/SRR17343${i}_1.fastq.gz -o SRR17343${i}_1.fastq.gz \
-I ~/RNAseq/cleandata/SRR17343${i}_2.fastq.gz -O SRR17343${i}_2.fastq.gz \
-Q --thread=5 --length_required=50 --n_base_limit=6 --compression=6
}&
done
wait