C Sharp/The .NET Framework/Marshalling
外觀
< C Sharp
.NET Framework當前支持調用非受管的函數,使用非受管的數據,該過程叫做marshalling。這常用於調用Windows API函數或資料結構,也可用於定製的庫。
關鍵字ref用於傳送地址:
[DllImport("DllFilePath")] extern static int FunctionName(ref byte param1[1], ref byte param2)
DLL需傳出char *類型時,應該用C#的StringBuilder類型。
例1: GetSystemTimes
[編輯]一個簡單例子是C#調用Windows API函數GetSystemTimes。聲明為:
BOOL WINAPI GetSystemTimes(
__out_opt LPFILETIME lpIdleTime,
__out_opt LPFILETIME lpKernelTime,
__out_opt LPFILETIME lpUserTime
);
LPFILETIME是指向FILETIME結構的指針,額可以簡化為64比特的整數。C#通過long類型支持64比特整數。因此可以聲明這個函數為:
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
public class Program
{
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
static extern bool GetSystemTimes(out long idleTime, out long kernelTime, out long userTime);
public static void Main()
{
long idleTime, kernelTime, userTime;
GetSystemTimes(out idleTime, out kernelTime, out userTime);
Console.WriteLine("Your CPU(s) have been idle for: " + (new TimeSpan(idleTime)).ToString());
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
注意在參數中使用關鍵字out與ref,自動使它成為指向未受管數據的指針。
例2:GetProcessIoCounters
[編輯]傳遞指向結構的指針,可以使用關鍵字out或ref:
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
public class Program
{
struct IO_COUNTERS
{
public ulong ReadOperationCount;
public ulong WriteOperationCount;
public ulong OtherOperationCount;
public ulong ReadTransferCount;
public ulong WriteTransferCount;
public ulong OtherTransferCount;
}
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
static extern bool GetProcessIoCounters(IntPtr ProcessHandle, out IO_COUNTERS IoCounters);
public static void Main()
{
IO_COUNTERS counters;
GetProcessIoCounters(System.Diagnostics.Process.GetCurrentProcess().Handle, out counters);
Console.WriteLine("This process has read " + counters.ReadTransferCount.ToString("N0") +
" bytes of data.");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
參數類型的映射關係
[編輯]性質 | C#參數 | C語言參數 | 注釋 |
---|---|---|---|
輸入參數 | string | char* | |
輸出參數 | StringBuilder | char* | 先用StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(_size);準備空間 |
輸出參數 | ref int | int* | 以int指針為例 |
傳遞結構體指針 | ref stuctName | stuctName* | 實參調用時前綴ref |
IntPtr | 指針類型 | ||
byte | unsigned char | ||
System.Int16 | short | ||
System.UInt16 | unsigned short | ||
System.Char | char | ||
System.String | char* | ||
System.String | wchart_t* | ||
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPTStr)] string | LPTSTR | ||
out 變量名 | 結構體 **變量名 | C#中提前申明一個結構體實例化後的變量名 | |
ref 結構體 變量名 | 結構體 &變量名 | ||
System.SByte | char | ||
delegate static extern int FunCallBack(string str); | 回調函數 | ||
public delegate double fun_type1(double); | typedef double (*fun_type1)(double); |
結構體的映射關係
[編輯]例如: C的結構體:
typedef struct
{
unsigned char DeviceIdentify[30];//Greenpow Usb IC card reader
unsigned short res;
}FindDeviceAck_Struct;
對應於:
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.StructLayoutAttribute(System.Runtime.InteropServices.LayoutKind.Sequential,
CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Ansi,Pack =1)]
public struct FindDeviceAck_Struct
{
/// unsigned char[30]
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.MarshalAsAttribute(System.Runtime.InteropServices.UnmanagedType.ByValArray,
SizeConst = 30)]
public byte[] DeviceIdentify;
/// unsigned short
public ushort res;
}
//另一个例子:
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
public struct Rect
{
[FieldOffset(0)] public int left;
[FieldOffset(4)] public int top;
[FieldOffset(8)] public int right;
[FieldOffset(12)] public int bottom;
}
C#的結構體與C語言結構體的互轉
[編輯]例如在TCP通信時,需要把C#的結構體變為Byte數組傳給TCP模塊。
//定义结构体:
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;//命名空间
[StructLayoutAttribute(LayoutKind.Sequential,CharSet=CharSet.Ansi,Pack=1)]
struct TestStruct
{
public int c;//字符串,SizeConst为字符串的最大长度
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 256)]
public string str;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValArray, SizeConst = 6)]
public int[] test;//int数组,SizeConst表示数组的个数,在转换成byte数组前必须先初始化数组,再使用,初始化/的数组长度必须和SizeConst一致,例test = new int[6];
}
//结构体转byte数组:
public static byte[] StructToBytes(object structObj)
{
int size = Marshal.SizeOf(structObj);//得到结构体的大小
byte[] bytes = new byte[size];//创建byte数组
IntPtr structPtr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size);//分配结构体大小的内存空间
Marshal.StructureToPtr(structObj, structPtr, false);//将结构体拷到分配好的内存空间
Marshal.Copy(structPtr, bytes, 0, size);//从内存空间拷到byte数组
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(structPtr);//释放内存空间
return bytes;//返回byte数组
}
//byte数组转结构体:
public static object BytesToStuct(byte[] bytes,Type type)
{
int size = Marshal.SizeOf(type);//得到结构体的大小
if ( size > bytes.Length )//byte数组长度小于结构体的大小
{
return null;//返回空
}
IntPtr structPtr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size);//分配结构体大小的内存空间
Marshal.Copy(bytes,0,structPtr,size);//将byte数组拷到分配好的内存空间
object obj = Marshal.PtrToStructure(structPtr, type);//将内存空间转换为目标结构体
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(structPtr);//释放内存空间
return obj;//返回结构体
}