满语/满通古斯
维基教科书，自由的教学读本
目录 |
[编辑] Introduction
The Manchu Tungusic language family consists of roughly 12 different languages that are spoken in a large geographical area stretching from Heilongjiang province and Inner Mongolia (both located in North East China) in the south, all the way through to the Arctic ocean in the north; from Sakhalin island, and the Kamchatka peninsula in the east, to the Yenisei river in the west. There are also several thousand speakers of a Manchu Tungusic language in Cabcal Sibe Autonomous County（察布查尔錫伯自治县）in North West China. Although speakers of Manchu Tungusic languages are spread over a huge geographical area, the actual number of people who speak one of the languages is less than 100,000.
Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. One classification which seems favoured over other alternatives is that the Tungusic languages can be divided into a northern branch and a southern branch, with the southern branch further subdivided into southeastern and southwestern groups.
| .................................. | .............................. | .......................... | ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. |
| 语言 | 民族人口 | 会民族语言的人口 | 分布 |
| .................................. | .............................. | .......................... | ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. |
| Northern | |||
| 埃文语 | 19,071 | 7,543 | Russia - Sakha Republic and the Kamchatka Peninsula, widely scattered over the entire Okhotsk Arctic coast. |
| 鄂温克语（中国） | 30,500 | 19,000 | China - Inner Mongolia, Hulunbuir: Ewenki, Moriadawa, Oronchon, Chen Bargu, Arong, Ergune, Huisuomu; Heilongjiang Province, Nale. |
| 鄂温克语（俄罗斯） | 35,527 | 9,000 | Russia - Krasnoyarsk Krai to Sakhalin island, including Sakha Republic, Buriatia, Amurskaya oblast, Irkutsk oblast and Zabaikalski Krai. |
| 鄂温克语（蒙古国） | 1,000 | 1,000 | Mongolia - Selenge Aimag, north Mongolia. |
| 鄂伦春语 | 8,196 | 1,200 | China - Heilongjiang Province and Inner Mongolia, Huma, Aihui, Sunko districts, Great Xingan Ridge. |
| 涅吉达尔语 | 567 | 100 | Russia - Khabarovsk Krai, Kamenka settlement and Im, and in the Paulina Osipenko Region. |
| .................................. | .............................. | .......................... | ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. |
| South-Eastern | |||
| 纳奈语 | 12,160 | 5,760 | Russia - Khabarovsk Krai confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers, scattered in Ussuri Valley and Sikhote-Alin, Amur Valley below Khabarovsk. |
| 赫哲语 | 4,640 | 12 | China - Northeast Heilongjiang, Tongjiang county, Bacha and Jiejinkou villages, and in Sipai village in Raohe County. |
| 鄂罗克语 | 346 | 30 | Russia - Sakhalin Island, Poronajsk District, Poronajsk, Gastello and Vakhrushev; Nogliki District, Val, Nogliki. Also spoken in Japan. |
| 乌尔奇语 | 2,913 | 500 | Russia - Khabarovsk Krai, Ulch Region, Bogorodskove, Bulava, Dudi, Kalinovka, Mariinskoe, Nizhnaya Gavan, Savinskoe, Mongol, Solontsy. |
| 鄂罗奇语 | 686 | 100 | Russia - Khabarovsk Krai not far from Komsomolsk-na-Amure. Also in Vanino Region in Datta and Uska-Orochskaya settlements. |
| 乌德语 | 1,657 | 100 | Russia - Khabarovsk Krai, Gvasiugi, Lazo Region; Arsenievo, Nanai Region; Primorski Krai, Pozharsk Region, Terneisk Region. |
| .................................. | .............................. | .......................... | ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. |
| South-Western | |||
| 女真语 | Extinct | Extinct | China - Extinct. |
| 满语 | 10,682,300 | 60 | China - Heilongjiang, a few Manchu-speaking villages in Aihui and Fuyu counties. |
| 锡伯语 | 188,800 | 30,000 | China - Xinjiang Province, mainly in Ili Region; some in Ürümqi City and Tacheng Region of Xinjiang Province. |
| .................................. | .............................. | .......................... | ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. |
- Note 1: Figures for Russia are based on 2002 census figures
- Note 2: Figures for China are based on the 2001 census figures
- Note 3: Figures for number of speakers were taken from ethnologue and are therefore generally quite dated.
- Note 4: Only officially recognised ethnic groups and languages included.
