满语/第6节课 - 动词 1
目录 |
对话和译文 [编辑]
| .............................................................................................................................................. | .............................................................................................................................................. |
| 对话 1 | 对话 1 |
| udu goro jugūn be yabuha manggi | 走了多远的路啊 |
| suwembe arkan ucaraha | 终于才遇到了你们 |
| mini mujilen de bisire tondo sain andasa. | 我心中忠实的好朋友 |
| udu mudan kurtun be yabuha manggi | 走了多少次轮回啊 |
| muse arkan falinduha | 我们终于才相互结交了 |
| muse ere anda i guculen be hairacina. | 让我们爱惜爱护这份友情吧 |
| tarhūn sain ba na orho be ujihe | 肥沃的地方养育了小草 |
| alin deyere gasha be baktaha | 山岭容纳了飞鸟 |
| andasa i mujilen tala i adali mimbe sidarbutei | 朋友们的心啊象旷野一样让我无比欢畅 |
| edulere de muse nukcime yabucaha | 迎风的时候我们一起奋勇向前了 |
| eten i forgon de urgulecehe | 胜利的时候我们一起欢乐了 |
| jalan de suwe akūci ergen de jurgan akū ni. | 世上如果没有你们生命就没了意义 |
- Note: This dialogue is actually a modern song in Manchu by the Manchu singer 宋熙东(akšan). The song's title is andasa i mujilen [Click here to listen to/download the song]
| .............................................................................................................................................. | .............................................................................................................................................. |
| 对话 2 | 对话 2 |
| bi manju gisun be tacimbi | 我学习满语 |
| i inu manju gisun be tacimbi | 他也学习满语 |
| Xiao Wang minde manju gisun be tacibuha | 小王教了我满语 |
| bi simbe manju gisun be tacibura | 我会教你满语 |
| Xiao Wang ya erinde isinjimbi? | 小王什么时候到? |
| bi sarkū | 我不知道 |
生词 [编辑]
| ............................................................ | ............................................................ | ............................................................ | ............................................................ |
| 满文 | 汉文 | 满文 | 汉文 |
| adali | 相同、相似、一样 | anda | 朋友、宾友、友伴 |
| andasa | 朋友们 | arkan | 不容易, 勉强 |
| ba | 地方、处所 | baktambi | 容纳、容得下 |
| bimbi | 有、在 | bisire | 有、在 |
| deyembi | 飞 | edulembi | 发狂、发疯、中风 |
| ergen | 生命 | eten | 胜利 |
| falimbi | 结交 | falindumbi | 互相结交、团结 |
| forgon | 季节、时节、时期、时代 | gasha | 鸟 |
| goro | 远 | guculen | 友谊 |
| hairacina | 爱惜 （希望我们会爱惜） | hairambi | 爱惜 |
| jalan | 世、代、辈数、节、队伍 | jugūn | 路、道路 |
| jurgan | 义、义务 | kurtun | 轮 |
| manggi | 以后、之后 | mudan | 次、回 |
| mujilen | 心、心思、心情 | na | 地、土地、大地 |
| nukcime yabumbi | 勇往直前 | nukimbi | 激怒、激励 |
| sidarambi | 舒心、放心 | sidarbumbi | 使人放心 |
| sidarbutei | 使人放心 | tala | 原野 |
| tarhūn | 肥 | tarhūn sain | 肥沃 |
| tondo | 公、忠、直 | ucarambi | 相遇、遇见、遭遇、遭到 |
| ujimbi | 养、养育 | urgulecembi | 一起庆祝 |
| urgulembi | 庆祝 | yabuha | 行走过 （过去时) |
| yabumbi | 行走、行事 |
语法 [编辑]
动词 (Part 1) [编辑]
Introduction [编辑]
Manchu verbs (except for three non-changing verbs) all consist of a stem and a final. The dictionary form of a Manchu verb is the present tense form, which includes the verb stem and the suffix ‘-mbi’. E.g.: Arambi (to write) consists of ara + -mbi. All changes for mood or tense in Manchu verbs are done by removing the suffix ‘-mbi’ and by adding another suffix to indicate the tense or mood of the verb (more on this later).
Manchu verbs can be divided into:
- Original verbs (固有动词) – These are verbs that are not derived from nouns, adjectives or other verbs and include verbs such as ‘arambi’ (to write) etc.
- Verbs derived from other words (派生动词) – These are verbs that are derived from either nouns, adjectives or other verbs (see voice of Manchu verbs).
Verbs derived from nouns and adjectives are usually formed by adding one of the following suffixes (see table for list of common suffixes) to the end of a noun or an adjective (note the final ‘n’ of the noun or adjective being turned into a verb is usually dropped):
| ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... |
| Suffix | Noun or adjective | Verb formed by adding suffix |
| ‘-ta’ (te, to) | dasan (politics, management) | dasatambi (to put in order) |
| ‘-da’ (de, do) | jali (crafy) | jalidambi (to cheat) |
| ‘-na’ (ne, no) | acan (a union) | acanambi (to meet) |
| ‘-la’ (le) | aba (a hunt) | abalambi (to hunt) |
| ‘-ra’ (re, ro) | gisun (language) | gisurembi (to speak) |
| ‘-ša’ (še, šo) | adali (similar) | adalixambi (to be similar) |
| ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... |
Regular, irregular and non-changing verbs [编辑]
Verbs can also be divided into three categories depending on the change in the verb suffix:
Regular verbs – These are verbs that follow regular suffix change patterns.
Irregular verbs – These are verbs that don’t follow regular suffix change patterns (see irregular verb table 8.3 for full list).
Non-changing verbs – These are three verbs that only have one fixed form. These verbs consist of only a verb stem, although grammatically, they feature all the same properties as regular and irregular verbs. The three non-changing verbs are:
- ‘bi’ – To have (有).
- ‘akū’ – To not have (没有).
- ‘joo’ – To forget about it, not worry about it (算了)
Tense (时) in Manchu verbs [编辑]
Unlike say French, the conjugation of Manchu verbs is constant regardless of the person doing the action. I.e. the conjugation for you went and I went would both be 'genehe'. This means only one suffix has to be learnt for each of the tenses. It is convenient to split Manchu tenses into simple tenses (of which there are three) and complex tenses all of which are formed from the simple tenses with the addition of either converbs (such as -me or -fi) or auxiliary verbs (such as bi). See table:
| ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... |
| Tense (时) | Suffix | Example | Translation |
| Simple Tenses | |||
| Present/Future | -mbi | arambi | I write / I shall write |
| Present/Future | -ra (-re, -ro) | arara | I shall write / I write |
| Past | -ha (-he, -ho, -ka, -ke, -ko) | araha | I wrote |
| Past tenses | |||
| Indefinite Past | -habi (-hebi, -hobi) | arahabi | I have written |
| Pluperfect | -ha bihe, -ha bihebi | araha bihe | I had written |
| Imperfect 1 | -mbihe, -mbihebi | arambihe | I was writing |
| Imperfect 2 | -me bihe, -me bihebi | arame bihebi | I was writing |
| Present tenses | |||
| Present Continuous 1 | -me bi, -me bimbi | arame bi | I am writing |
| Present Continuous 2 | -me ilihabi | arame ilihabi | I am writing |
| Present Continuous 3 | -mahabi | aramahabi | I am writing |
| Present Continuous 4 | -me bisire + noun | obome bisire jui | The child who is washing |
| Present Continuous 5 | -me bisire + postpostn | obome bisire de | While in the process of washing |
| Past Continuous 1 | -ha bi | araha bi | Still writing (仍然在写) |
| Past Continuous 2 | -fi bi | arafi bi | Still writing (还在写) |
| Past Continuous 3 | -hai bi (-hei bi, hoi bi) | arahai bi | I’ve been continuously writing 一直写 |
| ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... | ......................................... |
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