满语/第11节课 - 语法摘要

满语发音

满文有24个字母，用以书写满语本有的音，另有十个字母用以书写汉语借词的音(these 10 letters are k', g', h', ts', dz', zh', sy' cy', jy' xy' and are dealt with in lesson 12)。以下是满文中书写本有音的字的罗马拼音转写：

• 六个母音：a,e,i,o,u,v
• 十八个子音：k,g,h,n,b,p,s,x,t,d,l,m,c,j,y,r,f,w

母音

满语有六个“短”母音、两个“长”母音和八个双母音：

• “短”母音：a,e,i,o,u,v
• “长”母音：ii,oo
• “长”母音：ai,ei,oi,ui,io,ao,eo,ioi

子音

As for consonants, in addition to the 18 consonants mentioned above Manchu has one combined consonant ‘rs’ and two doubled consonants ‘tt’ and ‘xx’.

注意

• ‘x’发作如英语‘sh’的音；而‘c’发作如英语‘ch’的音。
• ‘ng’代表的音素在满文中亦存在。
• 满文中的‘k’、‘g’、‘h’、‘d’与‘t’在书写上有两种形式，使用哪种形式视其后接之母音而定。
• 在用罗马拼音转写时，在此处用'v'表示的那个母音亦可用'ū'表示。
• 在用罗马拼音转写时，在此处用'x'表示的那个母音亦可用'sh'或'š'表示。
• 满语本土词中，没有词汇以‘r’或任何子音丛集(两个或两个以上并排的子音，如英语cloth中的cl)开头。
• 多数的满语单字以母音或‘n’结尾。但有些借词会以‘ng’结尾，例如wang(意即“王”)这个字。因此满语在某方面近似于开音节语言。
• 子音丛集可出现在两个母音间，如‘abka’ (heaven)和‘ilha’ (flower)等，但它们实分属两个不同音节的结尾和开头。在多数的词汇中，母音间只有一个子音。

满语音节规则

满语有以下的几种音节形式：

音节形式	范例
V	如a-ma(意即“父”)中的‘a-’
VV	‘ai’ (意即“什么”)
VC	如am-ban (意即“官方的”)中的‘am-‘
VCC	如axxasun (意即“动词”)中的‘axx-‘
CV	如du-ka (意即“大门”)中的‘du-’
CVV	如‘moo’ (意即“木”)
CVVC	如‘duin’ (意即“四”)
CVC	如‘den’ (意即“高的”)
CVCC	如faxx-an (意即“努力”)中的‘faxx-‘
CVVV	如‘elioi’ (意即“吕(汉人姓氏)”)

Out of the above syllable structures, CVVV is extremely rare as it can only occur with the dipthong ‘ioi’ and both VCC and CVCC are also quite rare as they can only occur with one of the two doubled consonants ‘tt’ or ‘xx’ or with the combined consonants ‘rs’.

母音和谐

满语的母音有母音和谐，也就是说它的某些种类的母音只能和某些特定的母音一起出现。因此它后面的母音必须和前面的母音属于同一类。不过满语的母音和谐不如突厥语族或蒙古语族的语言般地严整。以下是满语母音的类别：

• “前”母音(“阴性”母音) e
• “后”母音(“阳性”母音) a,o,v
• “中性”母音(“中性”母音) u,i

在理论上，前后母音不可并存于同一个词汇当中。然而中性母音可同时与阳性或阴性母音并存。满语有两个种类的母音和谐：

一个词词干中的母音和谐：

这个形式的母音和谐牵涉到一个单词词干内的母音。一般而言，一个单词内只有以下形式的母音组合存在：

• 若第一个母音是‘a’，则之后的母音可以是‘a’ ,‘v’, ‘i’
• 若第一个母音是‘e’，则之后的母音可以是‘e’, ‘u’, ‘i’
• 若第一个母音是‘o’，则之后的母音可以是‘a’, ‘v’, ‘i’
• 若第一个母音是‘u’，则之后的母音可以是‘a’, ‘e’, ‘u’, ‘i’
• 若第一个母音是‘i’，则之后的母音可以是‘a’, ‘e’, ‘u’, ‘i’

注意，母音‘o’较少与其他母音一起出现，若它与其他母音一起出现，则几乎都与‘a’,’v’,’i’一起出现，有时则与‘e’一起出现，但基本上从不与‘u’一同出现在同一个词当中；另外母音‘u’与‘i’几乎可与其他所有的母音一同出现。

词干─词缀母音和谐：

词干─词缀母音和谐决定了词缀的母音该如何与词干的母音和谐。其中单音节、双音节多音节词干的规则有些差异，兹列举如下：

单音节词干

...................................................	...................................................
词干母音	后缀母音
a	a
o	o
e,i,u	e
...................................................	...................................................

双音节词干

...................................................	...................................................
词干	后缀
a-a, a-v, a-u, o-i, v-i, a-i, u-i, i-i	a
o-o, a-o	o
e-e, o-e, e-u, e-i, i-u, u-u	e
...................................................	...................................................

多音节词干

...................................................	...................................................
词干	后缀
o-e-i-u	a
e-i-u	e
...................................................	...................................................

注意：

• 像‘de’、‘-bu’等词缀之母音不与词干母音发生和谐。
• 一些单词用母音‘a’与‘e’区分阳性与阴性的概念，如haha (意即“男人”)和hehe (意即“女人”)。
• 子音‘k’、‘g’和‘h’在书写和口语发音上有两个形式，其中“后”形式用于母音‘a’、’o’、’v’上；而“前”形式用于母音‘e’、’u’、’i’上。
• 子音‘d’与‘t’在书写上亦有两种形式，其中“后”形式与‘a’、‘o’、‘i’所代表的字母连用；“前”形式与‘e’与‘u’所代表的字母连用。

名词

满语的名词有格和数，但没有语法上的性别。有些名词，如bithe (意即“书”)，只包含一个词；有些名词是由其他种类的词汇加词缀而成；有些名词，如ahvn deo (意即“兄弟”)，则是由许多名词复合而成的。

性

名词一般无性，然而有些表明雄性事物的词包含阳性母音；有些表明雌性是物的词则包含阴性母音。如haha (意即“男人”)、hehe (意即“女人”)、ama (意即“父亲”)与eme (意即“母亲”)等词皆为其例。

数

满语中有数种方式表明众数：

1. 借由后缀-sa (-se, -so, -si)的使用
   • 例：Manjusa 意即“众满人”
2. 借由后缀-ta, -te, -ri的使用
   • 此类词缀多用于家庭关系上(使用结尾的'n'经常会消失).
   • 例：amata 意即“父亲们”
3. 借由形容词的使用：
   • 像geren (意即“许多的”)、eiten (意即“全部的”)、tumen (意即“万”)或使用与动词连用的gemu (意即“全部”)。
   • 例：tumen jaka 意即“万物”

格

满语有五个格，书写时格变变化词缀可与词干一起书写，亦可分开：

1. 主格
   • 名词预设的格，无后缀
   • 例：bithe - 书本
2. 属格(-i；以-ng结尾的词用-ni)
   • 这个格用以标示领属关系；亦用以表明动作使用的工具等。
   • 属格例：Ere oci mini eme i bithe - 这是我母亲的书
   • 工具格例：E.g. Manju gisun i arambi - 用满文书写
3. 与格/方位格(-de)
   • 这个格用以表明事件发生的地点或动作之所向。
   • 动作所向例：Harbin de genehe - 他往哈尔滨去
   • 地点例：Harbin de Manjusa labdu - 在哈尔滨满人很多
4. 宾格(-be)
   • 这个格用以表明动作的接受者。
   • 例：I ere bithe be mini eme de buha - 他将这本书给我母亲
5. 夺格(-ci)
   • 这个格用以表示动作时离开的地点或用于比较级中。
   • 离去地点例：monggo gurun ci jihe niyalma - 从蒙古来的人
   • 比较例：nikan gisun ci manju gisun ja - 满语比汉语简单

代词

人称代词

就如同名词般，满语的人称代词也有著不同的格变化。满语人称代词的普通形式借由主格来表示。看下表以知所有人称的不同格变化：

.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
人称代词	主格	属格	与格/方位格	宾格	夺格
我	Bi	Mini	Minde	Mimbe	Minci
你	Si	Sini	Sinde	Simbe	Sinci
他/她/它	I	Ini	Inde	Imbe	Inci
我们(包含听者)	Muse	Musei	Musede	Musebe	Museci
我们(不包含听者)	Be	Meni	Mende	Membe	Menci
你们	Suwe	Suweni	Suwende	Suwembe	Suwenci
他们	Ce	Ceni	Cende	Cembe	Cenci
.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

• 和汉语一样，满语的第一人称众数有两种形式：不包含听者“你”的‘be’和包含听者“你”的‘muse’。
• 如何要表达自己，就用“人称代词属格+‘beye’ (意即“身体”)”的方式来表达，例mini beye (意即“我自己”)，sini beye (意即“你自己”)。
• 所有格代名词借由代名词属格后加‘-ngge’来表示。例如mini-ngge (意即“我的”)；Ere bithe miningge (意即“这本书是我的”)。

指示代词

满文指示代词如下所示：

.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
格	这	这些	那	那些
主格	Ere	Ese	Tere	Tese
属格	Erei (ereni)	Esei	Terei	Tesei
与格/方位格	Erede (ede)	Esede	Terede (tede)	Tesede
宾格	Erebe	Esebe	Terebe	Tesebe
夺格	Ereci	Eseci	Tereci	Teseci
.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

疑问代词

满文疑问代词如下(注意其格变化)：

.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
满语	汉语	满语	汉语
We	谁	Aibide, yabede	在/到哪
Ai	什么	Adarame	如何
Ya	什么、谁	Aici	什么样的
Ainu	为什么	Udu	多少的
Aibi, yabe	什么地方/哪里	Aba	哪里
.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

数词

满语的基数词

满语的基数词包括：

......................................	......................................	......................................	......................................
Emu (emke)	1	Juwan jakvn	18
Juwe	2	Juwan uyun	19
Ilan	3	Orin	20
Duin	4	Orin emu	21
Sunja	5	Gvsin	30
Ninggun	6	Dehu	40
Nadan	7	Susai	50
Jakvn	8	Ninju	60
Uyun	9	Nadanju	70
Juwan	10	Jakvnju	80
Juwan emu	11	Uyunju	90
Juwan juwe	12	Tanggv	100
Juwan ilan	13	Juwe tanggv susai emu	251
Juwan duin	14	Minggan	1,000
Tofohon	15	Tumen	10,000
Juwan ninggun	16	Juwan tumen	100,000
Juwan nadan	17	Tanggv tumen	1,000,000
......................................	......................................	......................................	......................................

注意：15这个数词是不规则的。

满语的序数词

满语的序数词由基数词后面加-ci构成。如果基数词以-n结尾，那么就把-n去掉再加-ci（特例：juwan和tumen中的-n保留）。例如：

• Emuci (第一)
• Juwe tanggv susai emuci (第251)
• Ningguci (第六十)
• Minggaci (第一千)
• Juwanci (第十)
• Tumenci (第一万)
• Juwan duici (第十四)

满语中以1为分子的分数的表示方法

以1为分子的分数可以通过在分母之后加后缀-ta -te -to构成，由元音和谐律决定选择哪一个。例如：

• Ilata (三分之一)
• Tofohoto (十五分之一)
• Emte (每个都有).

满语中的倍数表示法

表示倍数可以在数词后面加一个单词ubu、mudan或jergi，例如：

• Juwe ubu (两倍)
• Juwe mudan (两倍)
• Juwe jergi (两倍)

满语的分数表示法

构成分数可以用以下几种形式（分子不仅限于1）：

• Sunja i emu (1/5)
• Sunja ci emu (1/5)
• Sunja ubu de emu ubu (1/5).

Adjectives

Adjectives can be divided into:

• Original Adjectives(性质形容词)
• Adjectives formed from other words (派生形容词)

Original adjectives

Original adjectives are adjectives that are not formed from other types of words. Original adjectives can be divided into:

Adjectives describing special features of a person or an object.

For example:

• Amba (big)
• Ajige (small)
• Golmin (long)

Adjectives describing the character (nature) of a person or object.

For example:

• Sain (good)
• Ice (new)
• Fe (old)

Adjectives describing the action or change of state of a person or object.

For example:

• Hanci (near)
• Labdu (many)
• Goro (far away)

Adjectives formed from other words

These are adjectives that are formed by adding suffixes (subject to the rules of vowel harmony) to nouns, verbs, or original adjectives. Adjectives formed from other words can be divided into:

Adjectives formed from nouns

These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix ‘-ngge’, ‘-ngga’, or ‘-nggo’ to the end of a noun.

Adjectives formed from verbs

These can be divided into three types:

• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-cuka’, ‘-cuke’.
• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-shvn’, ‘-shun’ ‘-hvn’, ‘-hun’.
• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix ‘-su’, ‘-be’, ‘-ba’.

Adjectives formed from original adjectives

These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix ‘-linggv’, ‘-linggu’ to the end of original adjectives. Note: adjectives that end in an ‘n’ drop the ‘n’ when adding the suffix ‘-linggu’, or ‘-linggv’. The suffix ‘-linggu’ can be translated as ‘very’. E.g. if you add ‘-lingu’ to the adjective amba (big) you get ambalinggu (huge).

These suffixes are summarised in this table:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Original word is a:	Suffix	Example	Translation
Noun	-ngge, -ngga, -nggo	Orho (grass)	Orhonggo (Grassy)
Verb (1)	-cuke, -cuka	Gelembi (to fear)	Gelecuke (scary)
Verb (2)	-shvn, -shun, -hun, -hvn	Ekiyembi (to reduce)	Ekiyehun (insufficient)
Verb (3)	-su, -be, -ba	Kicembi (to be diligent)	Kicebe (diligently)
Original Adjctive	-linggv, -linggu	Amba (big)	Ambalinggu (huge)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Forms of Manchu adjectives

Manchu adjectives have three different forms (级):

The normal form (原级)

This is the normal form of the adjective and does not include any suffixes. E.g:

• Den alin (high mountain)
• Ice bithe (new book)

The comparative form (比较级)

This form only applies to original adjectives, and involves a comparison, i.e. bigger, smaller etc. To form the comparative form a suffix is added to the end of the adjective to change its meaning. The main suffixes are:

• -kan (-ken, -kon)
• -liyan (-liyen), -meliyan
• -shun, -shvn
• -si
• -linggv (-linggu) (see 5.2)

With these suffixes the final ‘n’ of the adjective stem is dropped when the suffix is added. E.g. ‘den’ (high) + -ken becomes ‘deken’ (higher, comparatively high). Examples of the use of these suffixes include:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Suffix	Meaning	Example
-kan, (-ken, -kon)	Rather	Ambakan (bigger)
-liyan (-liyen), -meliyan	A bit	Adaliliyan (a bit similar)
-linggv (-linggu)	Very	Ambalinggv (huge, very big)
-shvn (-shun)	Rather	Aibishvn (rather swollen)
-si	Rather	Ajigesi (rather small)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

The comparative can also be formed by placing the word ‘majige’ (a bit) before the adjective. E.g majige amba (a bit big)

The superlative form (最高级)

The superlative form of the Manchu verb is formed by placing an adverb before the adjective. For example:

• ‘jaci’ - jaci amba – the biggest
• ‘umesi’ – umesi sain – very good

Verbs

Introduction

Manchu verbs (except for three non-changing verbs) all consist of a stem and a final. The dictionary form of a Manchu verb is the present tense form, which includes the verb stem and the suffix ‘-mbi’. E.g.: Arambi (to write) consists of ara + -mbi. All changes for mood or tense in Manchu verbs are done by removing the suffix ‘-mbi’ and by adding another suffix to indicate the tense or mood of the verb (more on this later).

Manchu verbs can be divided into:

• Original verbs (固有动词) – These are verbs that are not derived from nouns, adjectives or other verbs and include verbs such as ‘arambi’ (to write) etc.
• Verbs derived from other words (派生动词) – These are verbs that are derived from either nouns, adjectives or other verbs (see voice of Manchu verbs).

Verbs derived from nouns and adjectives are usually formed by adding one of the following suffixes (see table for list of common suffixes) to the end of a noun or an adjective (note the final ‘n’ of the noun or adjective being turned into a verb is usually dropped):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Suffix	Noun or adjective	Verb formed by adding suffix
‘-ta’ (te, to)	Gosin (humanity)	Gositambi (to love humanity???)
‘-da’ (de, do)	Jali (crafy)	Jalidambi (to cheat)
‘-na’ (ne, no)	acan (a union)	Acanambi (to meet)
‘-la’ (le)	Aba (a hunt)	Abalambi (to hunt)
‘-ra’ (re, ro)	Gisun (word)	Gisurembi (to speak)
‘-xa’ (xe, xo)	Adali (similar)	Adalixambi (to be similar)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Regular, irregular and non-changing verbs

Verbs can also be divided into three categories depending on the change in the verb suffix:

Regular verbs – These are verbs that follow regular suffix change patterns.

Irregular verbs – These are verbs that don’t follow regular suffix change patterns (see irregular verb table 6.8 for full list).

Non-changing verbs – These are three verbs that only have one fixed form. These verbs consist of only a verb stem, although grammatically, they feature all the same properties as regular and irregular verbs. The three non-changing verbs are:

• ‘bi’ – To have (有).
• ‘akv’ – To not have (没有).
• ‘joo’ – To forget about it, not worry about it (算了)

Voice (态) in Manchu verbs

Manchu verbs have seven different voices (态). The first voice is the subjective voice, which is the normal verb form. All other voices are formed by adding a suffix between the stem of the verb and the final ‘-mbi’. This forms a new verb. For example: taci-mbi (to study), taci-bu-mbi (to teach). Tacibumbi is the active form of the verb tacimbi and therefore has a completely different meaning. Note: suffixes for tense and mood can be added to the end of the new form of the verb as the suffixes for voice are part of the verb stem. E.g. tacibuha (I taught), tacibura (I will teach) etc.

The seven voices (note the two directional voices count as one voice) are:

1. 主动 Subjective

   This is the normal voice of the verb and does not take any suffix. E.g.

   • Tacimbi (to study)

2. 使动 Active (-bu-, -(m)bu-)

   This voice shows that you are doing the action to something or someone. You would usually use the case marker ‘be’ to show what you are doing the action to. E.g.

   • Bi simbe manju gisun Tacibuha (I taught you Manchu)

3. 被动 Passive (-bu-, -(m)bu-)

   This voice shows that the action is being done to you. You would usually use the case marker ‘de’ to indicate the direction of the action. E.g.

   • Bi tere de tantabuha (I was bashed up by him)

4. 方向去 Dir (to) (-na-, -ne-, -no-)

   This voice shows the direction of an action and is similar to English ‘to go’. E.g.

   • bithe hvlanambi (to go and read)

5. 方向来 Dir (fr) (-ji-, -(n)ji-)

   This voice shows the direction of an action and is similar to English ‘to come’.E.g.

   • Bithe hvlajimbi (to come and read)

6. 6) 齐动 Cooperative (-ca-, -ce-, -co-)

   This voice indicates that an action is being done by a group. It is similar to the English word ‘together’. E.g.

   • Tese tacikv de eficembi (they are playing together at school)

7. 7) 互动 Reciprocal (-nu-, -ndu-)

   This voice is used to indicate reciprocal action. It is similar to the English word ‘each other’. E.g.

   • Nadan gurun adandume nakarakv (the seven kingdoms fought each other without end)

8. 8) 连续 Continuous (-da-,-de-;-ta-,-te-;-xa-,-xe-,-xo-; -ca-,-ce-,-co-; -ja-,-je-, -jo-)

   This voice is used to indicate the continuous nature of an action and is like English ‘always’, or ‘often’

   • Bi simbe aisilatambi (I often/always help you)

Tense (时) in Manchu verbs

Unlike say French, the conjugation of Manchu verbs is constant regardless of the person doing the action. I.e. the conjugation for you went and I went would both be 'genehe'. This means only one suffix has to be learnt for each of the tenses. It is convenient to split Manchu tenses into simple tenses (of which there are three) and complex tenses all of which are formed from the simple tenses with the addition of either converbs (such as -me or -fi) or auxiliary verbs (such as bi). See table:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Tense (时)	Suffix	Example	Translation
Simple Tenses
Present/Future	-mbi	arambi	I write / I shall write
Present/Future	-ra (-re, -ro)	arara	I shall write / I write
Past	-ha (-he, -ho, -ka, -ke, -ko)	Araha	I wrote
Past tenses
Indefinite Past	-habi (-hebi, -hobi)	arahabi	I have written
Pluperfect	-ha bihe, -ha bihebi	Araha bihe	I had written
Imperfect 1	-mbihe, -mbihebi	arambihe	I was writing
Imperfect 2	-me bihe, -me bihebi	Arame bihebi	I was writing
Present/continuous tenses
Present Continuous 1	-me bi, -me bimbi	Arame bi	I am writing
Present Continuous 2	-me ilihabi	Arame ilihabi	I am writing
Present Continuous 3	-mahabi	aramahabi	I am writing
Present Continuous 4	-me bisire + noun	obome bisire jui	The child who is washing
Present Continuous 5	-me bisire + postpostn	obome bisire de	While in the process of washing
Past Continuous 1	-ha bi	Araha bi	Still writing (仍然在写)
Past Continuous 2	-fi bi	arafi bi	Still writing (还在写)
Past Continuous 3	-hai bi (-hei bi, hoi bi)	arahai bi	I’ve been continuously writing 一直写
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Forms (式) of the Manchu verb

The Manchu verb has 6 basic forms:

1) Affirmative

This is the normal form of the verb. E.g.

• Bi te manju gisun be tacime ilihabi (I am currently studying Manchu)
• Boode mini ama bi (my father is at home)
• Bi abalara de indahvn gamambi (I take dogs when I go hunting)

2) Negative

This form is the negative form of the verb. Manchu unlike English forms the negative form of a verb by adding suffixes to the verb stem. The two negative forms of Manchu verbs are:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Present negative	-rakv	Ararakv	Don’t write
Past negative	-hakv (-hekv, -hokv)	Arahakv	Didn’t write
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the negative form are:

• Bi harbin de genehekv (I did not go to Harbin)
• Bi manju gisun be gisurerakv (I don't speak Manchu)

3) Interrogative

This is the question form of the verb. The interrogative form has both a positive and a negative form. The negative form is then further divided into a present and past negative interrogative form. The negative interrogative from is basically formed by adding -n to the end of the negative form of the verb (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Interrogative	-o	Ararao?	Are you writing?
Negative Interrogative (present)	-rakvn	Ararakvn?	Are you not writing?
Negative Interrogative (past)	-hakvn(-hekvn, -hokvn)	Arahakvn?	Did you not write?
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the interrogative form are:

• Si abalara de indahvn gamambio? (do you take dogs when you go hunting?)
• Si xiao wang be tuwarakvn? (do you not see Xiao Wang?)
• Si harbin de genehekvn? (haven't you been to Harbin?)

4) Imperative

The imperative form is the form of the verb that is used when you want to tell somebody to do (or not do) something. In Manchu there is a polite imperative form, a negative imperative form and a normal imperative form (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Imperative		Ara	Write!
Imperative (negative)	Ume ……. -ra (-re, -ro)	Ume arara	Don’t write
Imperative (pol 1)	-rao (-reo, -roo)	Ararao	Write please
Imperative (pol 1)	-ki	Buki	Please give
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the imperative form are:

• Tuwa (look!)
• Inde ume tuwara (don't look at him)
• Si gala be oburoo (wash your hands please)
• Minde tere bithe be buki (can you please give me that book)

5) Opatative

The optative form is where you want a third person to do something. There are three different optative forms in Manchu (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Opatative 1	-kini	Arakini	May he write
Opatative 2	-cina	Aracina	I hope you will write
Opatative 3	-kini sembi	Marakini sembi	I want you to return
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the optative form are:

• Si ere buda be jacina (I hope you will eat this food)
• Bi simbe harbin hoton de genekini sembi (I want you to go to harbin)

6) Desiderative

The desiderative form is where you want to do something. It corresponds to English I want to, or I will. Note the -ki form of the desiderative can also be used as a polite imperative. There are two different desiderative forms in Manchu (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Desiderative 1	-ki	Araki	I will write
Desiderative 2	-ki sembi	Taciki sembi	I want to study
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the desiderative form are:

• Bi sinde majige okto buki (I will give you some medicine)
• Bi amgaki sembi (I want to sleep)

Converbs (副动词)

The main converbs in Manchu are:

1) Coordinative -me

This converb modifies the following verb and is similar to Uyghur '-up'. It also expresses simultaneous action. E.g.

• Ai baita be arame genehe? (what are you going to do)

2) Subordinative -fi

Refers to a sequence of actions where one action is completed before another one begins. It is like English 'then', and also a bit like 'because' E.g.

• Bi genefi tuwaki (I will go and (then) have a look)

3) Conditional -ci

This is the conditional converb and is similar to English 'if'. E.g.

• Bi tuwaci (if I look)

4) Durative -hai (-hei, -hoi)

This converb is used to express that an action occurs or continues at the same time as another action is performed. E.g.

• Necimbihei yabumbi (to continuously invade)

5) Terminative -tala (-tele, -tolo)

This converb is used to show that an action occurs up to a certain time.

• Aratala (until he writes)

6) Instrumental -tai (-tei, -toi)

This converb is used to show that an action is being forced

• Bucetei daharakv (I will not submit even if I die)

7) Preparative -nggala (-nggele, -nggolo)

This converb is like English ‘before’

• Utala inenggi onggolo (several days ago)

8) Concessive -cibe

This converb is like Enlgish ‘although’

• Tuttu bicibe (although it is like that)

9) Alternative -ralame (-relame, -rolame)

This converb is used to show that two actions are being performed at the same time

• Bi yaburalame tuwambi (looking as I’m going along)

10) Simultaneous -mbime

This converb is used to show that one action is occurring (or not) while another action takes place

• Si baita be sambi sembime, ainu takarakv (while you say you know about the matter, how come you don’t?)

Auxiliary verbs (助动词)

Three important auxiliary verbs in Manchu are:

• Sembi – Sembi means ‘to say’
• Ombi – ‘Ombi’ can be translated as ‘to become’, ‘to be’, ‘to act as’,
• Bimbi – ‘bimbi’ can be translated as ‘to be or ‘is’.

Irregular verbs (table)

This table is a list of all the irregular Manchu verbs and their irregular forms. Note a blank space indicates that this form of the verb is regular. Note verbs where the suffix ‘-fi’ becomes ‘-pi’ or ‘-mpi’ are not included.

...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................
Dictionary form	Meaning	Past tense	Future Tense	Imperative
gerembi	Dawn	gereke	gerendere
guwembi	To avoid	guwengke	guwendere
colgorombi	To be complete	colgoroko
ombi	To become, can		ojoro	oso
gvmbi	To bite furiously		gvndere
gvwaliyambi	To change	gvwaliyaka
jimbi	To come		jidere	jio
wasimbi	To desced, be defeated	wasika (wasiha)		wasinu
jembi	To eat	jeke (jengke)	jetere (jendere)	jefu
tucimbi	To exit, to set out, to come out	tucike (tucihe)		tucinu
sumbi	To explain, to get rid of	suhe (sungke)
jailambi	To flee, hide		jailara (jailandara)
ukambi	To flee, hide	ukaha (ukaka)
bahambi	To get	baha
xahvrambi	To get a cold	xahvraka
yombi	To go		yoro (yondoro)
bimbi	To have / at		bisire	bisu
xumbi	To know copletely	xungke
baimbi	To look for			baisu
wembi	To melt into	wengke	were (wendere)
juwambi	To open, open one's mounth	jawangka (juwaka)
hafumbi	To pass through	hafuka	hafundara
jombi	To raise	jongko	jondoro
wesimbi	To raise	wesike		wesina
teyembi	To rest		teyere (teyendere)
eldembi	To shine on	eldeke
xambi	To stare	xaha (xangka)
gajimbi	To take back			gaju
gombi	To take back		gondoro
gaimbi	To take, to want			gaisu
cambi	支起、插	caha (cangka)
sosombi	泻、拉肚子	sosoko
jalumbi	满盈	jaluka
yumbi	贪溺、沉醉、容得下、浸润、诱哄	yungke	yudere (yundere)
bambi	倦，发懒	bangka	bandara
fumbi	To wipe	fungke
...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that modify other words except for nouns. Adverbs usually express the time, place or degree of an action and typically answer questions such as how?, when? why? or where? Manchu adverbs can be primitive adverbs which are indeclinable words such as ‘inu’ (yes) or they can be formed by adding suffixes (usually case markers) to the end of nouns, or pronouns. Most numerals can also be used as adverbs.

Some common Manchu adverbs include:

...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................
Manchu	English	Manchu	English
Absi	Where	Gaitai	Suddenly
Adarame	How	Gemu	All
Aifini	Already	Gubci	All
Ainu	Why	Heni	a bit
Ambula	Big, many	Ishunde	Each other
Ani	Normally	Jaci	Extremely
Asuru	Very	Jing	In the process of (正)
Atanggi	What time	Juken	At least
Beri beri	Each one	Kemuni	Still
Biretei	All	Majige	A bit
Cohotoi	Especially	Meni meni	Each one
Da ani	As before	Mujakv	Extremely
Daci	From the beginning	Naranggi	Finally
Dade	In the beginning	Ne / te	Now
Dembei	Very	Nokai	The most
Dule	Originally	Siraduhai	Afterwards
Ele	More	Teni	Just then
Elei	More	Tuktan	First time, start
Elekei	Almost	Umesi	Very
Emgeri	Already	Ume	Don't, can't
Enteheme	Forever	Unde	Still haven't
Esa	Very	Urui	Certainly
Yooni	All	Urunakv	Certainly
...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................

Some locational adverbs (with their noun form) include:

...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................
Meaning	Noun	Locative (where)	Directional (where to)
	-la/-le/-lo	-rgi	-si
East	Dele	Dergi	(wesihun)
West	Wala	Wargi	(wasihvn)
South	(Juleri)	Julergi	Julesi
North	Amala	Amargi	Amasi
Middle	Dulin	Dulimbade
In front	(Juleri)	Julergi	Julesi
Behind	Amala	Amargi	Amasi
Left	Hashv	Hashv ergi
Right	Ici	Ici ergi
Above	Dele,ninggu	Dergi ,ninggude	wesihun
Below	Fejile ,wala	Fejergi,wargi	wasihvn
Inside	Dolo	Dorgi	Dosi
Outside	Tule (tuleri)	Tulergi	Tulesi
On top	Oilo	Oilorgi
Here	Ebele	Ebergi	Ebsi
There	Cala	Cargi	Casi
...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................

Postpositions

Some of the more commonly used Manchu postpositons are:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Adali	The same as	Jakade	Because of, when
Baru	To	Jalin	Because
Canggi	Only	Manggi	After
Dahame	Because of this	Nerginde	When
Ebsi	Since	Ninggude	On top of
Emde	Together with	Onggolo	Before
Emgi	Together with	Saka	And then
Erigde	At … direction	Sidende	When
Fonde	When	Songkoi	In accordance with
Haran	Because of	Tetendere	Since…
Ici	To	Tulgiyen	Apart from this..
Ishvn	To	Turgunde	Because of
Jaka	Just then
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Linking Words

Some of the more commonly used Manchu linking words are:

..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................
Jai…	…and…	Bime…	… and at the same time …
Emu derei ......emu derei......	…on the one hand…. And on the other…	Ememu ....... ememu ......	… on the one hand …. And on the other…
Ememungge ...... ememungge .....	… on the one hand …. And on the other…	Eici ........ eici ...........	Either…..or……
Embici........... embici..........	Either…..or……	........teile akv......... Inu/geli	Not only….. But also….
.........dade, geli	Not only….. But also…	.............sere anggala.............Inu/geli	Not only….. But also…
Tuttu ofi, uttu ofi, tuttu	Therefore…	….jakade	Because
…turgunde	Because	…ofi	Because (after becoming)
…ohode	Because of (when it became)	Teni…	Then …
…seme	Because of...	Aika .......... oci	If…then…
Aikabade ......... oci	If…then…	Unenggi .............oci	If…then…
..................oci	If…then	.............. ohode , teni .................	If…then… (more for only if A then B)
Udu.............. seme	Although…	Udu ............ bicibe , inu ................	Although… also…
Udu ............ (verb-)cibe	Although…	Udu ............ ocibe , inu..................	Although… also…
Udu .................secibe , inu ..............	Although… also…	Uthai ............. ocibe	Even though…
Uthai ................. seme	Even though…	Uthai ................ okini	Even though…
Damu	But... only…	Tuttu oci…	In that case…
Uttu oci…	In this case…	Tuttu bime…	Yet/however…
Uttu bime…	Yet/however…	Yuttu seme…	Yet/however…
Tuttu secibe…	Yet/however…	Neneme…	On the contrary
..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................

Information on Linking words was taken from the Manchu Sky website (满洲天空网站). More specifically from a post by Baksi titled: 满洲族语的连词 (see link below)

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