滿語/第11節課 - 語法摘要

滿語發音

滿文有24個字母，用以書寫滿語本有的音，另有十個字母用以書寫漢語借詞的音(these 10 letters are k', g', h', ts', dz', zh', sy' cy', jy' xy' and are dealt with in lesson 12)。以下是滿文中書寫本有音的字的羅馬拼音轉寫：

• 六個母音：a,e,i,o,u,v
• 十八個子音：k,g,h,n,b,p,s,x,t,d,l,m,c,j,y,r,f,w

母音

滿語有六個「短」母音、兩個「長」母音和八個雙母音：

• 「短」母音：a,e,i,o,u,v
• 「長」母音：ii,oo
• 「長」母音：ai,ei,oi,ui,io,ao,eo,ioi

子音

As for consonants, in addition to the 18 consonants mentioned above Manchu has one combined consonant 『rs』 and two doubled consonants 『tt』 and 『xx』.

注意

• 『x』發作如英語『sh』的音；而『c』發作如英語『ch』的音。
• 『ng』代表的音素在滿文中亦存在。
• 滿文中的『k』、『g』、『h』、『d』與『t』在書寫上有兩種形式，使用哪種形式視其後接之母音而定。
• 在用羅馬拼音轉寫時，在此處用'v'表示的那個母音亦可用'ū'表示。
• 在用羅馬拼音轉寫時，在此處用'x'表示的那個母音亦可用'sh'或'š'表示。
• 滿語本土詞中，沒有詞彙以『r』或任何子音叢集(兩個或兩個以上並排的子音，如英語cloth中的cl)開頭。
• 多數的滿語單字以母音或『n』結尾。但有些借詞會以『ng』結尾，例如wang(意即「王」)這個字。因此滿語在某方面近似於開音節語言。
• 子音叢集可出現在兩個母音間，如『abka』 (heaven)和『ilha』 (flower)等，但它們實分屬兩個不同音節的結尾和開頭。在多數的詞彙中，母音間只有一個子音。

滿語音節規則

滿語有以下的幾種音節形式：

音節形式	範例
V	如a-ma(意即「父」)中的『a-』
VV	『ai』 (意即「什麼」)
VC	如am-ban (意即「官方的」)中的『am-『
VCC	如axxasun (意即「動詞」)中的『axx-『
CV	如du-ka (意即「大門」)中的『du-』
CVV	如『moo』 (意即「木」)
CVVC	如『duin』 (意即「四」)
CVC	如『den』 (意即「高的」)
CVCC	如faxx-an (意即「努力」)中的『faxx-『
CVVV	如『elioi』 (意即「呂(漢人姓氏)」)

Out of the above syllable structures, CVVV is extremely rare as it can only occur with the dipthong 『ioi』 and both VCC and CVCC are also quite rare as they can only occur with one of the two doubled consonants 『tt』 or 『xx』 or with the combined consonants 『rs』.

母音和諧

滿語的母音有母音和諧，也就是說它的某些種類的母音只能和某些特定的母音一起出現。因此它後面的母音必須和前面的母音屬於同一類。不過滿語的母音和諧不如突厥語族或蒙古語族的語言般地嚴整。以下是滿語母音的類別：

• 「前」母音(「陰性」母音) e
• 「後」母音(「陽性」母音) a,o,v
• 「中性」母音(「中性」母音) u,i

在理論上，前後母音不可並存於同一個詞彙當中。然而中性母音可同時與陽性或陰性母音並存。滿語有兩個種類的母音和諧：

一個詞詞幹中的母音和諧：

這個形式的母音和諧牽涉到一個單詞詞幹內的母音。一般而言，一個單詞內只有以下形式的母音組合存在：

• 若第一個母音是『a』，則之後的母音可以是『a』 ,『v』, 『i』
• 若第一個母音是『e’，則之後的母音可以是『e’, 『u’, 『i』
• 若第一個母音是『o』，則之後的母音可以是『a』, 『v』, 『i』
• 若第一個母音是『u’，則之後的母音可以是『a』, 『e’, 『u’, 『i』
• 若第一個母音是『i』，則之後的母音可以是『a』, 『e’, 『u’, 『i』

注意，母音『o』較少與其他母音一起出現，若它與其他母音一起出現，則幾乎都與『a』,』v』,』i』一起出現，有時則與『e’一起出現，但基本上從不與『u’一同出現在同一個詞當中；另外母音『u’與『i』幾乎可與其他所有的母音一同出現。

詞幹─詞綴母音和諧：

詞幹─詞綴母音和諧決定了詞綴的母音該如何與詞幹的母音和諧。其中單音節、雙音節多音節詞幹的規則有些差異，茲列舉如下：

單音節詞幹

...................................................	...................................................
詞幹母音	後綴母音
a	a
o	o
e,i,u	e
...................................................	...................................................

雙音節詞幹

...................................................	...................................................
詞幹	後綴
a-a, a-v, a-u, o-i, v-i, a-i, u-i, i-i	a
o-o, a-o	o
e-e, o-e, e-u, e-i, i-u, u-u	e
...................................................	...................................................

多音節詞幹

...................................................	...................................................
詞幹	後綴
o-e-i-u	a
e-i-u	e
...................................................	...................................................

注意：

• 像『de’、『-bu’等詞綴之母音不與詞幹母音發生和諧。
• 一些單詞用母音『a』與『e’區分陽性與陰性的概念，如haha (意即「男人」)和hehe (意即「女人」)。
• 子音『k』、『g』和『h』在書寫和口語發音上有兩個形式，其中「後」形式用於母音『a』、』o』、』v』上；而「前」形式用於母音『e’、』u’、』i』上。
• 子音『d』與『t』在書寫上亦有兩種形式，其中「後」形式與『a』、『o』、『i』所代表的字母連用；「前」形式與『e’與『u’所代表的字母連用。

名詞

滿語的名詞有格和數，但沒有語法上的性別。有些名詞，如bithe (意即「書」)，只包含一個詞；有些名詞是由其他種類的詞彙加詞綴而成；有些名詞，如ahvn deo (意即「兄弟」)，則是由許多名詞複合而成的。

性

名詞一般無性，然而有些表明雄性事物的詞包含陽性母音；有些表明雌性是物的詞則包含陰性母音。如haha (意即「男人」)、hehe (意即「女人」)、ama (意即「父親」)與eme (意即「母親」)等詞皆為其例。

數

滿語中有數種方式表明眾數：

1. 藉由後綴-sa (-se, -so, -si)的使用
   • 例：Manjusa 意即「眾滿人」
2. 藉由後綴-ta, -te, -ri的使用
   • 此類詞綴多用於家庭關係上(使用結尾的'n'經常會消失).
   • 例：amata 意即「父親們」
3. 藉由形容詞的使用：
   • 像geren (意即「許多的」)、eiten (意即「全部的」)、tumen (意即「萬」)或使用與動詞連用的gemu (意即「全部」)。
   • 例：tumen jaka 意即「萬物」

格

滿語有五個格，書寫時格變變化詞綴可與詞幹一起書寫，亦可分開：

1. 主格
   • 名詞預設的格，無後綴
   • 例：bithe - 書本
2. 屬格(-i；以-ng結尾的詞用-ni)
   • 這個格用以標示領屬關係；亦用以表明動作使用的工具等。
   • 屬格例：Ere oci mini eme i bithe - 這是我母親的書
   • 工具格例：E.g. Manju gisun i arambi - 用滿文書寫
3. 與格/方位格(-de)
   • 這個格用以表明事件發生的地點或動作之所向。
   • 動作所向例：Harbin de genehe - 他往哈爾濱去
   • 地點例：Harbin de Manjusa labdu - 在哈爾濱滿人很多
4. 賓格(-be)
   • 這個格用以表明動作的接受者。
   • 例：I ere bithe be mini eme de buha - 他將這本書給我母親
5. 奪格(-ci)
   • 這個格用以表示動作時離開的地點或用於比較級中。
   • 離去地點例：monggo gurun ci jihe niyalma - 從蒙古來的人
   • 比較例：nikan gisun ci manju gisun ja - 滿語比漢語簡單

代詞

人稱代詞

就如同名詞般，滿語的人稱代詞也有着不同的格變化。滿語人稱代詞的普通形式藉由主格來表示。看下表以知所有人稱的不同格變化：

.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
人稱代詞	主格	屬格	與格/方位格	賓格	奪格
我	Bi	Mini	Minde	Mimbe	Minci
你	Si	Sini	Sinde	Simbe	Sinci
他/她/它	I	Ini	Inde	Imbe	Inci
我們(包含聽者)	Muse	Musei	Musede	Musebe	Museci
我們(不包含聽者)	Be	Meni	Mende	Membe	Menci
你們	Suwe	Suweni	Suwende	Suwembe	Suwenci
他們	Ce	Ceni	Cende	Cembe	Cenci
.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

• 和漢語一樣，滿語的第一人稱眾數有兩種形式：不包含聽者「你」的『be’和包含聽者「你」的『muse’。
• 如何要表達自己，就用「人稱代詞屬格+『beye’ (意即「身體」)」的方式來表達，例mini beye (意即「我自己」)，sini beye (意即「你自己」)。
• 所有格代名詞藉由代名詞屬格後加『-ngge’來表示。例如mini-ngge (意即「我的」)；Ere bithe miningge (意即「這本書是我的」)。

指示代詞

滿文指示代詞如下所示：

.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
格	這	這些	那	那些
主格	Ere	Ese	Tere	Tese
屬格	Erei (ereni)	Esei	Terei	Tesei
與格/方位格	Erede (ede)	Esede	Terede (tede)	Tesede
賓格	Erebe	Esebe	Terebe	Tesebe
奪格	Ereci	Eseci	Tereci	Teseci
.....................................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

疑問代詞

滿文疑問代詞如下(注意其格變化)：

.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................
滿語	漢語	滿語	漢語
We	誰	Aibide, yabede	在/到哪
Ai	什麼	Adarame	如何
Ya	什麼、誰	Aici	什麼樣的
Ainu	為什麼	Udu	多少的
Aibi, yabe	什麼地方/哪裏	Aba	哪裏
.................................	.................................	.................................	.................................

數詞

滿語的基數詞

滿語的基數詞包括：

......................................	......................................	......................................	......................................
Emu (emke)	1	Juwan jakvn	18
Juwe	2	Juwan uyun	19
Ilan	3	Orin	20
Duin	4	Orin emu	21
Sunja	5	Gvsin	30
Ninggun	6	Dehu	40
Nadan	7	Susai	50
Jakvn	8	Ninju	60
Uyun	9	Nadanju	70
Juwan	10	Jakvnju	80
Juwan emu	11	Uyunju	90
Juwan juwe	12	Tanggv	100
Juwan ilan	13	Juwe tanggv susai emu	251
Juwan duin	14	Minggan	1,000
Tofohon	15	Tumen	10,000
Juwan ninggun	16	Juwan tumen	100,000
Juwan nadan	17	Tanggv tumen	1,000,000
......................................	......................................	......................................	......................................

注意：15這個數詞是不規則的。

滿語的序數詞

滿語的序數詞由基數詞後面加-ci構成。如果基數詞以-n結尾，那麼就把-n去掉再加-ci（特例：juwan和tumen中的-n保留）。例如：

• Emuci (第一)
• Juwe tanggv susai emuci (第251)
• Ningguci (第六十)
• Minggaci (第一千)
• Juwanci (第十)
• Tumenci (第一萬)
• Juwan duici (第十四)

滿語中以1為分子的分數的表示方法

以1為分子的分數可以通過在分母之後加後綴-ta -te -to構成，由元音和諧律決定選擇哪一個。例如：

• Ilata (三分之一)
• Tofohoto (十五分之一)
• Emte (每個都有).

滿語中的倍數表示法

表示倍數可以在數詞後面加一個單詞ubu、mudan或jergi，例如：

• Juwe ubu (兩倍)
• Juwe mudan (兩倍)
• Juwe jergi (兩倍)

滿語的分數表示法

構成分數可以用以下幾種形式（分子不僅限於1）：

• Sunja i emu (1/5)
• Sunja ci emu (1/5)
• Sunja ubu de emu ubu (1/5).

Adjectives

Adjectives can be divided into:

• Original Adjectives(性質形容詞)
• Adjectives formed from other words (派生形容詞)

Original adjectives

Original adjectives are adjectives that are not formed from other types of words. Original adjectives can be divided into:

Adjectives describing special features of a person or an object.

For example:

• Amba (big)
• Ajige (small)
• Golmin (long)

Adjectives describing the character (nature) of a person or object.

For example:

• Sain (good)
• Ice (new)
• Fe (old)

Adjectives describing the action or change of state of a person or object.

For example:

• Hanci (near)
• Labdu (many)
• Goro (far away)

Adjectives formed from other words

These are adjectives that are formed by adding suffixes (subject to the rules of vowel harmony) to nouns, verbs, or original adjectives. Adjectives formed from other words can be divided into:

Adjectives formed from nouns

These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix 『-ngge’, 『-ngga』, or 『-nggo』 to the end of a noun.

Adjectives formed from verbs

These can be divided into three types:

• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix 『-cuka』, 『-cuke’.
• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix 『-shvn』, 『-shun』 『-hvn』, 『-hun』.
• Adjectives that can be formed from verbs by adding the suffix 『-su’, 『-be’, 『-ba』.

Adjectives formed from original adjectives

These adjectives are formed by adding the suffix 『-linggv』, 『-linggu’ to the end of original adjectives. Note: adjectives that end in an 『n』 drop the 『n』 when adding the suffix 『-linggu’, or 『-linggv』. The suffix 『-linggu’ can be translated as 『very』. E.g. if you add 『-lingu’ to the adjective amba (big) you get ambalinggu (huge).

These suffixes are summarised in this table:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Original word is a:	Suffix	Example	Translation
Noun	-ngge, -ngga, -nggo	Orho (grass)	Orhonggo (Grassy)
Verb (1)	-cuke, -cuka	Gelembi (to fear)	Gelecuke (scary)
Verb (2)	-shvn, -shun, -hun, -hvn	Ekiyembi (to reduce)	Ekiyehun (insufficient)
Verb (3)	-su, -be, -ba	Kicembi (to be diligent)	Kicebe (diligently)
Original Adjctive	-linggv, -linggu	Amba (big)	Ambalinggu (huge)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Forms of Manchu adjectives

Manchu adjectives have three different forms (級):

The normal form (原級)

This is the normal form of the adjective and does not include any suffixes. E.g:

• Den alin (high mountain)
• Ice bithe (new book)

The comparative form (比較級)

This form only applies to original adjectives, and involves a comparison, i.e. bigger, smaller etc. To form the comparative form a suffix is added to the end of the adjective to change its meaning. The main suffixes are:

• -kan (-ken, -kon)
• -liyan (-liyen), -meliyan
• -shun, -shvn
• -si
• -linggv (-linggu) (see 5.2)

With these suffixes the final 『n』 of the adjective stem is dropped when the suffix is added. E.g. 『den』 (high) + -ken becomes 『deken』 (higher, comparatively high). Examples of the use of these suffixes include:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Suffix	Meaning	Example
-kan, (-ken, -kon)	Rather	Ambakan (bigger)
-liyan (-liyen), -meliyan	A bit	Adaliliyan (a bit similar)
-linggv (-linggu)	Very	Ambalinggv (huge, very big)
-shvn (-shun)	Rather	Aibishvn (rather swollen)
-si	Rather	Ajigesi (rather small)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

The comparative can also be formed by placing the word 『majige’ (a bit) before the adjective. E.g majige amba (a bit big)

The superlative form (最高級)

The superlative form of the Manchu verb is formed by placing an adverb before the adjective. For example:

• 『jaci』 - jaci amba – the biggest
• 『umesi』 – umesi sain – very good

Verbs

Introduction

Manchu verbs (except for three non-changing verbs) all consist of a stem and a final. The dictionary form of a Manchu verb is the present tense form, which includes the verb stem and the suffix 『-mbi』. E.g.: Arambi (to write) consists of ara + -mbi. All changes for mood or tense in Manchu verbs are done by removing the suffix 『-mbi』 and by adding another suffix to indicate the tense or mood of the verb (more on this later).

Manchu verbs can be divided into:

• Original verbs (固有動詞) – These are verbs that are not derived from nouns, adjectives or other verbs and include verbs such as 『arambi』 (to write) etc.
• Verbs derived from other words (派生動詞) – These are verbs that are derived from either nouns, adjectives or other verbs (see voice of Manchu verbs).

Verbs derived from nouns and adjectives are usually formed by adding one of the following suffixes (see table for list of common suffixes) to the end of a noun or an adjective (note the final 『n』 of the noun or adjective being turned into a verb is usually dropped):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Suffix	Noun or adjective	Verb formed by adding suffix
『-ta』 (te, to)	Gosin (humanity)	Gositambi (to love humanity???)
『-da』 (de, do)	Jali (crafy)	Jalidambi (to cheat)
『-na』 (ne, no)	acan (a union)	Acanambi (to meet)
『-la』 (le)	Aba (a hunt)	Abalambi (to hunt)
『-ra』 (re, ro)	Gisun (word)	Gisurembi (to speak)
『-xa』 (xe, xo)	Adali (similar)	Adalixambi (to be similar)
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Regular, irregular and non-changing verbs

Verbs can also be divided into three categories depending on the change in the verb suffix:

Regular verbs – These are verbs that follow regular suffix change patterns.

Irregular verbs – These are verbs that don’t follow regular suffix change patterns (see irregular verb table 6.8 for full list).

Non-changing verbs – These are three verbs that only have one fixed form. These verbs consist of only a verb stem, although grammatically, they feature all the same properties as regular and irregular verbs. The three non-changing verbs are:

• 『bi』 – To have (有).
• 『akv』 – To not have (沒有).
• 『joo』 – To forget about it, not worry about it (算了)

Voice (態) in Manchu verbs

Manchu verbs have seven different voices (態). The first voice is the subjective voice, which is the normal verb form. All other voices are formed by adding a suffix between the stem of the verb and the final 『-mbi』. This forms a new verb. For example: taci-mbi (to study), taci-bu-mbi (to teach). Tacibumbi is the active form of the verb tacimbi and therefore has a completely different meaning. Note: suffixes for tense and mood can be added to the end of the new form of the verb as the suffixes for voice are part of the verb stem. E.g. tacibuha (I taught), tacibura (I will teach) etc.

The seven voices (note the two directional voices count as one voice) are:

1. 主動 Subjective

   This is the normal voice of the verb and does not take any suffix. E.g.

   • Tacimbi (to study)

2. 使動 Active (-bu-, -(m)bu-)

   This voice shows that you are doing the action to something or someone. You would usually use the case marker 『be’ to show what you are doing the action to. E.g.

   • Bi simbe manju gisun Tacibuha (I taught you Manchu)

3. 被動 Passive (-bu-, -(m)bu-)

   This voice shows that the action is being done to you. You would usually use the case marker 『de’ to indicate the direction of the action. E.g.

   • Bi tere de tantabuha (I was bashed up by him)

4. 方向去 Dir (to) (-na-, -ne-, -no-)

   This voice shows the direction of an action and is similar to English 『to go』. E.g.

   • bithe hvlanambi (to go and read)

5. 方向來 Dir (fr) (-ji-, -(n)ji-)

   This voice shows the direction of an action and is similar to English 『to come’.E.g.

   • Bithe hvlajimbi (to come and read)

6. 6) 齊動 Cooperative (-ca-, -ce-, -co-)

   This voice indicates that an action is being done by a group. It is similar to the English word 『together』. E.g.

   • Tese tacikv de eficembi (they are playing together at school)

7. 7) 互動 Reciprocal (-nu-, -ndu-)

   This voice is used to indicate reciprocal action. It is similar to the English word 『each other』. E.g.

   • Nadan gurun adandume nakarakv (the seven kingdoms fought each other without end)

8. 8) 連續 Continuous (-da-,-de-;-ta-,-te-;-xa-,-xe-,-xo-; -ca-,-ce-,-co-; -ja-,-je-, -jo-)

   This voice is used to indicate the continuous nature of an action and is like English 『always』, or 『often』

   • Bi simbe aisilatambi (I often/always help you)

Tense (時) in Manchu verbs

Unlike say French, the conjugation of Manchu verbs is constant regardless of the person doing the action. I.e. the conjugation for you went and I went would both be 'genehe'. This means only one suffix has to be learnt for each of the tenses. It is convenient to split Manchu tenses into simple tenses (of which there are three) and complex tenses all of which are formed from the simple tenses with the addition of either converbs (such as -me or -fi) or auxiliary verbs (such as bi). See table:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Tense (時)	Suffix	Example	Translation
Simple Tenses
Present/Future	-mbi	arambi	I write / I shall write
Present/Future	-ra (-re, -ro)	arara	I shall write / I write
Past	-ha (-he, -ho, -ka, -ke, -ko)	Araha	I wrote
Past tenses
Indefinite Past	-habi (-hebi, -hobi)	arahabi	I have written
Pluperfect	-ha bihe, -ha bihebi	Araha bihe	I had written
Imperfect 1	-mbihe, -mbihebi	arambihe	I was writing
Imperfect 2	-me bihe, -me bihebi	Arame bihebi	I was writing
Present/continuous tenses
Present Continuous 1	-me bi, -me bimbi	Arame bi	I am writing
Present Continuous 2	-me ilihabi	Arame ilihabi	I am writing
Present Continuous 3	-mahabi	aramahabi	I am writing
Present Continuous 4	-me bisire + noun	obome bisire jui	The child who is washing
Present Continuous 5	-me bisire + postpostn	obome bisire de	While in the process of washing
Past Continuous 1	-ha bi	Araha bi	Still writing (仍然在寫)
Past Continuous 2	-fi bi	arafi bi	Still writing (還在寫)
Past Continuous 3	-hai bi (-hei bi, hoi bi)	arahai bi	I’ve been continuously writing 一直寫
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Forms (式) of the Manchu verb

The Manchu verb has 6 basic forms:

1) Affirmative

This is the normal form of the verb. E.g.

• Bi te manju gisun be tacime ilihabi (I am currently studying Manchu)
• Boode mini ama bi (my father is at home)
• Bi abalara de indahvn gamambi (I take dogs when I go hunting)

2) Negative

This form is the negative form of the verb. Manchu unlike English forms the negative form of a verb by adding suffixes to the verb stem. The two negative forms of Manchu verbs are:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Present negative	-rakv	Ararakv	Don’t write
Past negative	-hakv (-hekv, -hokv)	Arahakv	Didn’t write
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the negative form are:

• Bi harbin de genehekv (I did not go to Harbin)
• Bi manju gisun be gisurerakv (I don't speak Manchu)

3) Interrogative

This is the question form of the verb. The interrogative form has both a positive and a negative form. The negative form is then further divided into a present and past negative interrogative form. The negative interrogative from is basically formed by adding -n to the end of the negative form of the verb (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Interrogative	-o	Ararao?	Are you writing?
Negative Interrogative (present)	-rakvn	Ararakvn?	Are you not writing?
Negative Interrogative (past)	-hakvn(-hekvn, -hokvn)	Arahakvn?	Did you not write?
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the interrogative form are:

• Si abalara de indahvn gamambio? (do you take dogs when you go hunting?)
• Si xiao wang be tuwarakvn? (do you not see Xiao Wang?)
• Si harbin de genehekvn? (haven't you been to Harbin?)

4) Imperative

The imperative form is the form of the verb that is used when you want to tell somebody to do (or not do) something. In Manchu there is a polite imperative form, a negative imperative form and a normal imperative form (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Imperative		Ara	Write!
Imperative (negative)	Ume ……. -ra (-re, -ro)	Ume arara	Don’t write
Imperative (pol 1)	-rao (-reo, -roo)	Ararao	Write please
Imperative (pol 1)	-ki	Buki	Please give
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the imperative form are:

• Tuwa (look!)
• Inde ume tuwara (don't look at him)
• Si gala be oburoo (wash your hands please)
• Minde tere bithe be buki (can you please give me that book)

5) Opatative

The optative form is where you want a third person to do something. There are three different optative forms in Manchu (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Opatative 1	-kini	Arakini	May he write
Opatative 2	-cina	Aracina	I hope you will write
Opatative 3	-kini sembi	Marakini sembi	I want you to return
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the optative form are:

• Si ere buda be jacina (I hope you will eat this food)
• Bi simbe harbin hoton de genekini sembi (I want you to go to harbin)

6) Desiderative

The desiderative form is where you want to do something. It corresponds to English I want to, or I will. Note the -ki form of the desiderative can also be used as a polite imperative. There are two different desiderative forms in Manchu (see table):

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Desiderative 1	-ki	Araki	I will write
Desiderative 2	-ki sembi	Taciki sembi	I want to study
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Some further examples of the desiderative form are:

• Bi sinde majige okto buki (I will give you some medicine)
• Bi amgaki sembi (I want to sleep)

Converbs (副動詞)

The main converbs in Manchu are:

1) Coordinative -me

This converb modifies the following verb and is similar to Uyghur '-up'. It also expresses simultaneous action. E.g.

• Ai baita be arame genehe? (what are you going to do)

2) Subordinative -fi

Refers to a sequence of actions where one action is completed before another one begins. It is like English 'then', and also a bit like 'because' E.g.

• Bi genefi tuwaki (I will go and (then) have a look)

3) Conditional -ci

This is the conditional converb and is similar to English 'if'. E.g.

• Bi tuwaci (if I look)

4) Durative -hai (-hei, -hoi)

This converb is used to express that an action occurs or continues at the same time as another action is performed. E.g.

• Necimbihei yabumbi (to continuously invade)

5) Terminative -tala (-tele, -tolo)

This converb is used to show that an action occurs up to a certain time.

• Aratala (until he writes)

6) Instrumental -tai (-tei, -toi)

This converb is used to show that an action is being forced

• Bucetei daharakv (I will not submit even if I die)

7) Preparative -nggala (-nggele, -nggolo)

This converb is like English 『before’

• Utala inenggi onggolo (several days ago)

8) Concessive -cibe

This converb is like Enlgish 『although』

• Tuttu bicibe (although it is like that)

9) Alternative -ralame (-relame, -rolame)

This converb is used to show that two actions are being performed at the same time

• Bi yaburalame tuwambi (looking as I’m going along)

10) Simultaneous -mbime

This converb is used to show that one action is occurring (or not) while another action takes place

• Si baita be sambi sembime, ainu takarakv (while you say you know about the matter, how come you don’t?)

Auxiliary verbs (助動詞)

Three important auxiliary verbs in Manchu are:

• Sembi – Sembi means 『to say』
• Ombi – 『Ombi』 can be translated as 『to become’, 『to be’, 『to act as』,
• Bimbi – 『bimbi』 can be translated as 『to be or 『is』.

Irregular verbs (table)

This table is a list of all the irregular Manchu verbs and their irregular forms. Note a blank space indicates that this form of the verb is regular. Note verbs where the suffix 『-fi』 becomes 『-pi』 or 『-mpi』 are not included.

...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................
Dictionary form	Meaning	Past tense	Future Tense	Imperative
gerembi	Dawn	gereke	gerendere
guwembi	To avoid	guwengke	guwendere
colgorombi	To be complete	colgoroko
ombi	To become, can		ojoro	oso
gvmbi	To bite furiously		gvndere
gvwaliyambi	To change	gvwaliyaka
jimbi	To come		jidere	jio
wasimbi	To desced, be defeated	wasika (wasiha)		wasinu
jembi	To eat	jeke (jengke)	jetere (jendere)	jefu
tucimbi	To exit, to set out, to come out	tucike (tucihe)		tucinu
sumbi	To explain, to get rid of	suhe (sungke)
jailambi	To flee, hide		jailara (jailandara)
ukambi	To flee, hide	ukaha (ukaka)
bahambi	To get	baha
xahvrambi	To get a cold	xahvraka
yombi	To go		yoro (yondoro)
bimbi	To have / at		bisire	bisu
xumbi	To know copletely	xungke
baimbi	To look for			baisu
wembi	To melt into	wengke	were (wendere)
juwambi	To open, open one's mounth	jawangka (juwaka)
hafumbi	To pass through	hafuka	hafundara
jombi	To raise	jongko	jondoro
wesimbi	To raise	wesike		wesina
teyembi	To rest		teyere (teyendere)
eldembi	To shine on	eldeke
xambi	To stare	xaha (xangka)
gajimbi	To take back			gaju
gombi	To take back		gondoro
gaimbi	To take, to want			gaisu
cambi	支起、插	caha (cangka)
sosombi	瀉、拉肚子	sosoko
jalumbi	滿盈	jaluka
yumbi	貪溺、沉醉、容得下、浸潤、誘哄	yungke	yudere (yundere)
bambi	倦，發懶	bangka	bandara
fumbi	To wipe	fungke
...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................	...............................................

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that modify other words except for nouns. Adverbs usually express the time, place or degree of an action and typically answer questions such as how?, when? why? or where? Manchu adverbs can be primitive adverbs which are indeclinable words such as 『inu’ (yes) or they can be formed by adding suffixes (usually case markers) to the end of nouns, or pronouns. Most numerals can also be used as adverbs.

Some common Manchu adverbs include:

...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................
Manchu	English	Manchu	English
Absi	Where	Gaitai	Suddenly
Adarame	How	Gemu	All
Aifini	Already	Gubci	All
Ainu	Why	Heni	a bit
Ambula	Big, many	Ishunde	Each other
Ani	Normally	Jaci	Extremely
Asuru	Very	Jing	In the process of (正)
Atanggi	What time	Juken	At least
Beri beri	Each one	Kemuni	Still
Biretei	All	Majige	A bit
Cohotoi	Especially	Meni meni	Each one
Da ani	As before	Mujakv	Extremely
Daci	From the beginning	Naranggi	Finally
Dade	In the beginning	Ne / te	Now
Dembei	Very	Nokai	The most
Dule	Originally	Siraduhai	Afterwards
Ele	More	Teni	Just then
Elei	More	Tuktan	First time, start
Elekei	Almost	Umesi	Very
Emgeri	Already	Ume	Don't, can't
Enteheme	Forever	Unde	Still haven't
Esa	Very	Urui	Certainly
Yooni	All	Urunakv	Certainly
...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................

Some locational adverbs (with their noun form) include:

...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................
Meaning	Noun	Locative (where)	Directional (where to)
	-la/-le/-lo	-rgi	-si
East	Dele	Dergi	(wesihun)
West	Wala	Wargi	(wasihvn)
South	(Juleri)	Julergi	Julesi
North	Amala	Amargi	Amasi
Middle	Dulin	Dulimbade
In front	(Juleri)	Julergi	Julesi
Behind	Amala	Amargi	Amasi
Left	Hashv	Hashv ergi
Right	Ici	Ici ergi
Above	Dele,ninggu	Dergi ,ninggude	wesihun
Below	Fejile ,wala	Fejergi,wargi	wasihvn
Inside	Dolo	Dorgi	Dosi
Outside	Tule (tuleri)	Tulergi	Tulesi
On top	Oilo	Oilorgi
Here	Ebele	Ebergi	Ebsi
There	Cala	Cargi	Casi
...................................	...................................	...................................	...................................

Postpositions

Some of the more commonly used Manchu postpositons are:

.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................
Adali	The same as	Jakade	Because of, when
Baru	To	Jalin	Because
Canggi	Only	Manggi	After
Dahame	Because of this	Nerginde	When
Ebsi	Since	Ninggude	On top of
Emde	Together with	Onggolo	Before
Emgi	Together with	Saka	And then
Erigde	At … direction	Sidende	When
Fonde	When	Songkoi	In accordance with
Haran	Because of	Tetendere	Since…
Ici	To	Tulgiyen	Apart from this..
Ishvn	To	Turgunde	Because of
Jaka	Just then
.........................................	.........................................	.........................................	.........................................

Linking Words

Some of the more commonly used Manchu linking words are:

..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................
Jai…	…and…	Bime…	… and at the same time …
Emu derei ......emu derei......	…on the one hand…. And on the other…	Ememu ....... ememu ......	… on the one hand …. And on the other…
Ememungge ...... ememungge .....	… on the one hand …. And on the other…	Eici ........ eici ...........	Either…..or……
Embici........... embici..........	Either…..or……	........teile akv......... Inu/geli	Not only….. But also….
.........dade, geli	Not only….. But also…	.............sere anggala.............Inu/geli	Not only….. But also…
Tuttu ofi, uttu ofi, tuttu	Therefore…	….jakade	Because
…turgunde	Because	…ofi	Because (after becoming)
…ohode	Because of (when it became)	Teni…	Then …
…seme	Because of...	Aika .......... oci	If…then…
Aikabade ......... oci	If…then…	Unenggi .............oci	If…then…
..................oci	If…then	.............. ohode , teni .................	If…then… (more for only if A then B)
Udu.............. seme	Although…	Udu ............ bicibe , inu ................	Although… also…
Udu ............ (verb-)cibe	Although…	Udu ............ ocibe , inu..................	Although… also…
Udu .................secibe , inu ..............	Although… also…	Uthai ............. ocibe	Even though…
Uthai ................. seme	Even though…	Uthai ................ okini	Even though…
Damu	But... only…	Tuttu oci…	In that case…
Uttu oci…	In this case…	Tuttu bime…	Yet/however…
Uttu bime…	Yet/however…	Yuttu seme…	Yet/however…
Tuttu secibe…	Yet/however…	Neneme…	On the contrary
..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................	..................................................................

Information on Linking words was taken from the Manchu Sky website (滿洲天空網站). More specifically from a post by Baksi titled: 滿洲族語的連詞 (see link below)

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