人类生理学/感官

视觉

思考

1. 为什么我们平常不会注意到盲点？
2. 看着一个光源十秒钟，然后看旁边的白纸，你观察到什么？原因是？
3. 为什么晚上盯着一个东西看，他会暂时消失？要怎么让他重新出现？
4. 杆状细胞对什么敏感？锥状细胞对什么敏感？
5. 解释颠茄（Deadly Nightshade）的作用

词汇表

嗅觉丧失（Anosmia）

丧失嗅觉的疾病

听道（Auditory Canal）

Tube from the auditory meatus or opening of the ear to the tympanic membrane

耳咽管（Auditory Tube）

Either of the paired tubes connecting the middle ears to the nasopharynx; equalizes air pressure on the two sides of the eardrum

化学感受（Chemoreception）

Physiological response of a sense organ to a chemical stimulus

脉络膜（Choroid）

Vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera

Circumvallate papillae: Papillae that are present on the back of the oral part of the tongue

耳蜗（Cochlea）

Is concerned with hearing, resembling a shell of a snail

嗅觉障碍（Dysosmia）

When things smell differently than they should

Equilibrium: Sense of balance

Extraocular muscles: Six muscles that control eye movements: lateral rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, inferior oblique and superior oblique

Filiform papillae: Thin, longer papillae that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous

Foliate papillae: Ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the tongue

Fungiform papillae: These are present mostly at the apex (tip) of the tongue- slightly mushroom shaped

味觉（Gustation）

对味道的感觉

Hair Cell: Mechanosensors for hearing, columnar cells each with a bundle of 100-200 specialized cilia at the top

触觉（Haptic）

From the Greek Haphe, means pertaining to the sense of touch

Hyposmia: Decreased ability to smell

内耳（Inner Ear）

Innermost part of the ear, contains the cochlea, westibule and semi-circular canals

机械感受器（Mechanoreceptor）

Sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion

Meissner's Corpuscle: Encapsulated unmyelinated nerve endings, usually found in areas sensitive to light touch

中耳（Middle Ear）

Air Filled Cavity behind the Ear Drum, includes most of the ear Drum and ear Bones

Nasopharynx: Nasal part of the pharynx that lies behind the nose and above the level of the soft palate

Nociception: The perception of pain

嗅觉（Olfaction）

感觉香味与臭味等的感受

中耳炎（Otitis Media）

中耳部分的发炎

外耳（Outer Ear）

External portion of the ear, includes the auricle, ear canal and surface of the ear drum

Oval Window: Fenestra that has the base of the stapes attached to it

Pacinian Corpuscles; Detect gross pressure changes and vibrations

Papilla: Specialized epithelial cells that are small projections on the top of the tongue

Perception: The brain’s interpretation of a sensation

Phantosmia: Phenomenon of smelling odors that aren't really present (AKA Phantom odors)

Photoreceptors: Specialized type of neuron found in the eye's retina that is capable of phototransduction

Pinna: Auricle of the ear

Retina: Thin layer of neural cells that lines the back of the eyeball of vertebrates and some cephalopods

Round Window: Fenestra leading into the cochlea

Sclera: White outer coating of the eye- gives the eye its shape and helps to protect the delicate inner parts

Semicircular Canals: Certain canals of the inner ear

Sensation: Occurs when nerve impulses arrive in the brain

Sensory adaptation: A decrease in response to stimuli

Stapes: One of the small bones in the tympanum of the ear; the stirrups bone

Tactition: The sense of pressure perception, generally in the skin

Tympanic Membrane: The membrane in the ear that vibrates to produce sound

鲜味（Umami）

源自日文字，代表类似肉或者鱼的味道。主要是氨基酸的味道